Table 1.
Primary and secondary outcomes
| Author, year | Preoperative VAS | Preoperative STAI | Postoperative VAS | Postoperative STAI |
| Acil 2004 | ￬ (90 min after premed.) compared to placebo → (90 min after premed.) compared to midazolam |
NM | ￬ (90 min postop) compared to placebo ￬ (90 min postop) compared to midazolam |
NM |
| Capuzzo 2006 | → (90 min after premed.) compared to placebo | NM | → (in recovery room) compared to placebo | NM |
| Caumo 2007 | NM | NM | NM | ￬ (6 h postop) compared to placebo |
| Caumo 2009 | NM | NM | NM | ￬ (6 h postop) compared to placebo → (6 h postop) compared to clonidine |
| Ionescu 2008 | NM | → (90 min after premed.) compared to placebo → (90 min after premed.) compared to midazolam |
NM | ￬ (6 h postop) compared to placebo → (6 h postop) compared to midazolam |
| Ismail 2009 | ￬ (90 min after premed.) compared to placebo | NM | NM | NM |
| Khezri 2013 | ￬ (60 min after premed.) compared to placebo | NM | ￬ (before discharge from recovery room) compared to placebo | NM |
| Mowafi 2008 | ￬ (90 min after premed.) compared to placebo | NM | NM | NM |
| Naguib 1999 | ￬ (90 min after premed.) compared to placebo → (90 min after premed.) compared to midazolam |
NM | → (90 min postop) compared to placebo → (90 min postop) compared to midazolam |
NM |
| Naguib 2000 | ￬ (90 min after premed.) compared to placebo → (90 min after premed.) compared to midazolam |
NM | → (90 min postop) compared to placebo → (90 min postop) compared to midazolam |
NM |
| Naguib 2006 | ￬ (50 min after premed.) compared to placebo | NM | NM | NM |
| Turkistani 2007 | ￬ (approximately 100 min after premed.) compared to placebo | NM | NM | NM |
Year: year of publication
Postop.: postoperative
Premed.: premedication
VAS: Visual analogue scale
STAI: State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory
→: no significant difference between groups
￬ : lower, significant difference compared to placebo or midazolam
NM: not measured
min: minutes
h: hours