| 1 Mortality at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age |
8 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.1 All studies |
8 |
1736 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.39, 0.92] |
| 1.2 Intermittent KMC |
5 |
619 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.59 [0.19, 1.81] |
| 1.3 Continuous KMC |
3 |
1117 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.38, 0.96] |
| 1.4 Duration of KMC < 2 hours/d |
2 |
188 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.32 [0.22, 7.73] |
| 1.5 Duration of KMC between 6 and 15 hours/d |
3 |
431 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.07, 1.64] |
| 1.6 Duration of KMC ≥ 20 hours/d |
3 |
1117 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.38, 0.96] |
| 1.7 Infant age ≤ 10 days at initiation of KMC |
5 |
1412 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.56 [0.36, 0.88] |
| 1.8 Infant age > 10 days at initiation of KMC |
3 |
324 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.32 [0.22, 7.73] |
| 1.9 Low/middle‐income countries |
7 |
1676 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.57 [0.37, 0.89] |
| 1.10 High‐income countries |
1 |
60 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.64 [0.16, 17.09] |
| 1.11 infant entered into trial before stabilization |
1 |
123 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.57 [0.33, 1.00] |
| 1.12 infant entered into trial after stabilization |
7 |
1613 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.63 [0.32, 1.23] |
| 2 Mortality at 6 months of age or 6 months' follow‐up |
2 |
354 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.48, 2.02] |
| 2.1 Intermittent |
1 |
71 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.15, 6.90] |
| 2.2 Continuous |
1 |
283 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.46, 2.12] |
| 3 Mortality at 12 months' corrected age |
1 |
693 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.57 [0.27, 1.17] |
| 3.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 3.2 Continuous |
1 |
693 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.57 [0.27, 1.17] |
| 4 Mortality at latest follow‐up |
12 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 4.1 All studies |
12 |
2293 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.48, 0.95] |
| 4.2 Intermittent KMC |
8 |
909 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.68 [0.26, 1.77] |
| 4.3 Continuous KMC |
4 |
1384 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.46, 0.98] |
| 4.4 Duration of KMC < 2 hours/d |
3 |
259 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.18 [0.32, 4.30] |
| 4.5 Duration of KMC between 6 and 15 hours/d |
5 |
650 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.07, 1.64] |
| 4.6 Duration of KMC ≥ 20 hours/d |
4 |
1384 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.67 [0.46, 0.98] |
| 4.7 Infant age ≤ 10 days at initiation of KMC |
6 |
1489 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.56 [0.37, 0.85] |
| 4.8 Infant age > 10 days at initiation of KMC |
5 |
678 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.53, 2.00] |
| 4.9 Low/middle‐income countries |
10 |
2162 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.45, 0.93] |
| 4.10 High‐income countries |
2 |
131 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.25 [0.29, 5.42] |
| 4.11 Infant entered into trial before stabilization |
1 |
123 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.57 [0.33, 1.00] |
| 4.12 Infant entered into trial after stabilization |
11 |
2170 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.73 [0.47, 1.13] |
| 5 Severe infection/sepsis at latest follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
8 |
1463 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.50 [0.36, 0.69] |
| 5.1 Intermittent |
7 |
800 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.38 [0.24, 0.60] |
| 5.2 Continuous |
1 |
663 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.69 [0.43, 1.12] |
| 6 Severe illness at 6 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
283 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.30 [0.14, 0.67] |
| 6.1 intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 6.2 Continuous |
1 |
283 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.30 [0.14, 0.67] |
| 7 Nosocomial infection/sepsis at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants |
5 |
1239 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.35 [0.22, 0.54] |
| 7.1 Intermittent |
4 |
576 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.27 [0.15, 0.50] |
| 7.2 Continuous |
1 |
663 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.49 [0.25, 0.93] |
| 8 Mild/moderate infection or illness at latest follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
4 |
1266 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.28 [0.87, 1.88] |
| 8.1 Intermittent |
2 |
320 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.52 [0.43, 5.38] |
| 8.2 Continuous |
2 |
946 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.42 [0.53, 3.79] |
| 9 Lower respiratory tract disease at 6 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
283 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.37 [0.15, 0.89] |
| 9.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 9.2 Continuous |
1 |
283 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.37 [0.15, 0.89] |
| 10 Diarrhea at 6 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
283 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.35, 1.20] |
| 10.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 10.2 Continuous |
1 |
283 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.35, 1.20] |
| 11 Hypothermia at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks’ postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants |
9 |
989 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.28 [0.16, 0.49] |
| 11.1 Intermittent |
9 |
989 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.28 [0.16, 0.49] |
| 11.2 Continuous |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 12 Hyperthermia at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants |
4 |
448 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.79 [0.59, 1.05] |
| 12.1 Intermittent |
4 |
448 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.79 [0.59, 1.05] |
| 12.2 Continuous |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 13 Length of hospital stay (days) ‐ stabilized infants |
11 |
1057 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.61 [‐3.41, 0.18] |
| 13.1 Intermittent |
11 |
1057 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.61 [‐3.41, 0.18] |
| 13.2 Continuous |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 14 Re‐admission to hospital at latest follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
2 |
946 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.34, 1.06] |
| 14.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 14.2 Continuous |
2 |
946 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.34, 1.06] |
| 15 Weight at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age (g) ‐ stabilized infants |
5 |
1233 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
16.07 [‐20.54, 52.68] |
| 15.1 Intermittent |
3 |
285 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
41.84 [‐19.19, 102.87] |
| 15.2 Continuous |
2 |
948 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.59 [‐44.16, 47.34] |
| 16 Weight at 6 months' corrected age (g) ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
591 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
78.19 [‐52.26, 208.64] |
| 16.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 16.2 Continuous |
1 |
591 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
78.19 [‐52.26, 208.64] |
| 17 Weight at 12 months' corrected age (g) ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
596 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
31.46 [‐135.08, 198.00] |
| 17.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 17.2 Continuous |
1 |
596 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
31.46 [‐135.08, 198.00] |
| 18 Weight gain at latest follow‐up (g/d) ‐ stabilized infants |
11 |
1198 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
4.08 [2.30, 5.86] |
| 18.1 Intermittent |
10 |
913 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
4.13 [2.19, 6.07] |
| 18.2 Continuous |
1 |
285 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
3.60 [0.78, 6.42] |
| 19 Length at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants |
3 |
856 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.11 [‐0.69, 0.48] |
| 19.1 Intermittent |
2 |
193 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.24 [‐1.51, 1.04] |
| 19.2 Continuous |
1 |
663 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [‐0.36, 0.36] |
| 20 Length at 6 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
590 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.23 [‐0.18, 0.64] |
| 20.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 20.2 Continuous |
1 |
590 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.23 [‐0.18, 0.64] |
| 21 Length at 12 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
586 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.31 [‐0.17, 0.79] |
| 21.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 21.2 Continuous |
1 |
586 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.31 [‐0.17, 0.79] |
| 22 Length gain at latest follow‐up (cm/wk) ‐ stabilized infants |
3 |
377 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.21 [0.03, 0.38] |
| 22.1 Intermittent |
3 |
377 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.21 [0.03, 0.38] |
| 22.2 Continuous |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 23 Head circumference at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants |
3 |
856 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.17 [‐0.33, 0.66] |
| 23.1 Intermittent |
2 |
193 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.24 [‐0.84, 1.31] |
| 23.2 Continuous |
1 |
663 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.10 [‐0.14, 0.34] |
| 24 Head circumference at 6 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
592 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.11, 0.57] |
| 24.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 24.2 Continuous |
1 |
592 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.11, 0.57] |
| 25 Head circumference at 12 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
597 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.39 [‐0.00, 0.78] |
| 25.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 25.2 Continuous |
1 |
597 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.39 [‐0.00, 0.78] |
| 26 Head circumference gain at latest follow‐up (cm/wk) ‐ stabilized infants |
4 |
495 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.14 [0.06, 0.22] |
| 26.1 Intermittent |
4 |
495 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.14 [0.06, 0.22] |
| 26.2 Continuous |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 27 Psychomotor development (Griffith quotients) at 12 months' corrected age |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 27.1 Locomotion |
1 |
579 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.25 [‐0.45, 4.95] |
| 27.2 Personal, social |
1 |
579 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.97 [‐1.27, 3.21] |
| 27.3 Hand‐eye coordination |
1 |
579 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.57 [‐1.25, 2.39] |
| 27.4 Audition, language |
1 |
579 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.29 [‐0.98, 3.56] |
| 27.5 Execution |
1 |
579 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.30 [‐1.50, 2.10] |
| 27.6 All criteria |
1 |
579 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.05 [‐0.75, 2.85] |
| 28 Cerebral palsy at 12 months' corrected age |
1 |
588 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.21, 2.02] |
| 29 Deafness at 12 months' corrected age |
1 |
588 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.30 [0.03, 2.90] |
| 30 Visual impairment at 12 months' corrected age |
1 |
588 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.53, 1.56] |
| 31 Exclusive breastfeeding at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants |
6 |
1453 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.16 [1.07, 1.25] |
| 31.1 Intermittent |
4 |
511 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.22 [1.11, 1.35] |
| 31.2 Continuous |
2 |
942 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.11 [1.00, 1.24] |
| 32 Exclusive breastfeeding at 1 to 3 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
5 |
600 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.20 [1.01, 1.43] |
| 32.1 Intermittent |
3 |
221 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.36 [1.12, 1.65] |
| 32.2 Continuous |
2 |
379 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.96, 1.10] |
| 33 Exclusive breastfeeding at 6 to 12 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
3 |
810 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.29 [0.95, 1.76] |
| 33.1 Intermittent |
1 |
75 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.52 [1.10, 2.10] |
| 33.2 Continuous |
2 |
735 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.10 [0.66, 1.86] |
| 34 Any breastfeeding at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants |
10 |
1696 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.20 [1.07, 1.34] |
| 34.1 Intermittent |
8 |
754 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.23 [1.07, 1.41] |
| 34.2 Continuous |
2 |
942 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.14 [0.93, 1.40] |
| 35 Any breastfeeding at 1 to 2 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
6 |
538 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.33 [1.00, 1.78] |
| 35.1 Intermittent |
4 |
159 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.89 [1.30, 2.75] |
| 35.2 Continuous |
2 |
379 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.96, 1.10] |
| 36 Any breastfeeding at 3 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
5 |
924 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.14 [1.06, 1.23] |
| 36.1 Intermittent |
4 |
261 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.35 [1.15, 1.59] |
| 36.2 Continuous |
1 |
663 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.08 [1.00, 1.17] |
| 37 Any breastfeeding at 1 to 3 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
9 |
1394 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.17 [1.05, 1.31] |
| 37.1 Intermittent |
6 |
352 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.39 [1.18, 1.64] |
| 37.2 Continuous |
3 |
1042 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.05 [1.00, 1.11] |
| 38 Any breastfeeding at 6 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
5 |
952 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.12 [0.98, 1.29] |
| 38.1 Intermittent |
3 |
143 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.50 [1.08, 2.08] |
| 38.2 Continuous |
2 |
809 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.07 [0.92, 1.24] |
| 39 Any breastfeeding at 12 months' follow‐up ‐ stabilized infants |
1 |
589 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.65, 1.21] |
| 39.1 Intermittent |
0 |
0 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 39.2 Continuous |
1 |
589 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.89 [0.65, 1.21] |
| 40 Onset of breastfeeding (days) ‐ stabilized infants |
2 |
295 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.03 [‐1.64, 1.70] |
| 40.1 Intermittent |
2 |
295 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.03 [‐1.64, 1.70] |
| 40.2 Continuous |
0 |
0 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 41 Parental and familial satisfaction (continuous KMC) |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 41.1 Mother satisfied with method |
1 |
269 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.17 [1.05, 1.30] |
| 41.2 Father satisfied with method |
1 |
269 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.91, 1.14] |
| 41.3 Family satisfied with method |
1 |
269 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.97 [0.83, 1.13] |
| 42 Mother‐infant attachment: mother's feelings and perceptions according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 42.1 Sense of competence ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.41 [0.14, 0.68] |
| 42.2 Sense of competence ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.25 [‐0.08, 0.58] |
| 42.3 Sense of competence ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.21 [‐0.17, 0.59] |
| 42.4 Sense of competence ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.54 [0.07, 1.01] |
| 42.5 Sense of competence ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.24 [0.05, 0.43] |
| 42.6 Worry and stress ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.31 [0.04, 0.58] |
| 42.7 Worry and stress ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.09 [‐0.20, 0.38] |
| 42.8 Worry and stress ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.29 [‐0.70, 0.12] |
| 42.9 Worry and stress ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.1 [‐0.60, 0.40] |
| 42.10 Worry and stress ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.12 [‐0.06, 0.30] |
| 42.11 Social support ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.06 [‐0.35, 0.23] |
| 42.12 Social support ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.06 [‐0.34, 0.22] |
| 42.13 Social support ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.47 [‐0.84, ‐0.10] |
| 42.14 Social support ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.05 [‐0.52, 0.42] |
| 42.15 Social support ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.2 [‐0.39, ‐0.01] |
| 43 Mother‐infant attachment: mother's responses to the infant according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 43.1 Mother's sensitivity ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.02, 0.06] |
| 43.2 Mother's sensitivity ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.01 [‐0.05, 0.03] |
| 43.3 Mother's sensitivity ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.06 [0.01, 0.11] |
| 43.4 Mother's sensitivity ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.04, 0.08] |
| 43.5 Mother's sensitivity ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.00, 0.04] |
| 43.6 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.03 [‐0.08, 0.02] |
| 43.7 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.01 [‐0.03, 0.05] |
| 43.8 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.01 [‐0.04, 0.06] |
| 43.9 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11] |
| 43.10 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.02 [‐0.05, 0.01] |
| 43.11 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.01 [‐0.04, 0.06] |
| 43.12 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.02] |
| 43.13 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.05 [‐0.00, 0.10] |
| 43.14 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.05 [‐0.12, 0.02] |
| 43.15 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.01, 0.05] |
| 43.16 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.04, 0.08] |
| 43.17 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.04 [‐0.10, 0.02] |
| 43.18 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.07 [0.00, 0.14] |
| 43.19 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.07 [‐0.17, 0.03] |
| 43.20 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.03 [‐0.01, 0.07] |
| 44 Mother‐infant attachment: infant's responses to the mother according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 44.1 Clarity of cues ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.01 [‐0.04, 0.06] |
| 44.2 Clarity of cues ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.03, 0.07] |
| 44.3 Clarity of cues ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05] |
| 44.4 Clarity of cues ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.01 [‐0.07, 0.05] |
| 44.5 Clarity of cues ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.01, 0.05] |
| 44.6 Responsiveness ‐ interval of 1 to 2 days |
1 |
170 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.02] |
| 44.7 Responsiveness ‐ interval of 3 to 14 days |
1 |
177 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.02, 0.06] |
| 44.8 Responsiveness ‐ interval > 14 days |
1 |
141 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.05 [0.01, 0.09] |
| 44.9 Responsiveness ‐ infant admitted to NICU |
1 |
82 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.01 [‐0.07, 0.05] |
| 44.10 Responsiveness ‐ infant not admitted to NICU |
1 |
406 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.02 [‐0.01, 0.05] |
| 45 Mother‐infant attachment at 3 months' follow‐up |
1 |
100 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
6.24 [5.57, 6.91] |
| 45.1 Total attachment score at 3 months' follow‐up |
1 |
100 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
6.24 [5.57, 6.91] |
| 46 Mother‐infant attachment: stress in NICU |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 46.1 Nursery environment score |
1 |
30 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.10 [‐0.51, 0.71] |
| 46.2 Infant appearance score |
1 |
30 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.0 [‐0.62, 0.62] |
| 46.3 Relationship with the infant score |
1 |
30 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.35, 1.65] |
| 46.4 Staff behavior and communication score |
1 |
30 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.10 [‐0.95, 1.15] |
| 47 Mother‐infant attachment: parenting skills |
1 |
30 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.40 [‐0.89, 0.09] |
| 47.1 Total score at discharge |
1 |
30 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.40 [‐0.89, 0.09] |
| 48 Mother‐infant interaction at 6 months' follow‐up |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 48.1 Symmetrical co‐regulation |
1 |
45 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
16.38 [13.61, 19.15] |
| 48.2 Asymmetrical co‐regulation |
1 |
45 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐18.31 [‐21.42, ‐15.20] |
| 48.3 Unilateral regulation |
1 |
45 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.12 [‐1.24, 5.48] |
| 49 Infant behavior at 40 to 44 weeks’ postmenstrual age |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 49.1 Attention |
1 |
55 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.29 [‐0.40, 0.98] |
| 49.2 Autonomic organization |
1 |
55 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.19 [‐0.41, 0.79] |
| 49.3 Motor |
1 |
55 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.30 [‐0.22, 0.82] |
| 49.4 Orientation |
1 |
55 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.19 [‐0.72, 0.34] |
| 49.5 Autonomic |
1 |
55 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.11 [‐0.89, 1.11] |
| 49.6 State regulation |
1 |
55 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.31 [‐0.95, 0.33] |
| 49.7 Robust crying |
1 |
55 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.16 [‐0.90, 0.58] |
| 49.8 State stability |
1 |
55 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.32 [‐0.93, 1.57] |
| 50 Social and home environment |
1 |
338 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.79 [0.74, 0.84] |
| 50.1 HOME environment total score at 12 months' corrected age |
1 |
338 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.79 [0.74, 0.84] |
