Bantar 2006.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: ITS Risk of Bias: MEDIUM
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in the hospital PARTICIPANTS: all patients in the hospital CLINICAL PROBLEM: IV antibiotics, restriction applied to carbapenems SETTING: a single university hospital in Argentina. Total use was compared for > 2 years before and after the intervention
Interventions	FORMAT, Intervention 1: educational outreach by review and recommend change; restrictive ‐ compulsory order form Intervention Functions: education, enablement, persuasion, restriction Intervention 2: unavailability of antibiotics during a national financial crisis DELIVERER: AMT COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: decrease excessive (choice)
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: use of all IV antibiotics and carbapenems in DDD/1000 OBD CLINICAL: all‐cause inpatient mortality
Notes	FUNDING: none. Competing Interests: 2 authors declared conflicts of interest for speaker and advisory board fees ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: no response from authors
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Intervention independent (ITS) ?	Low risk	Intervention 1 was independent of other changes. The "crisis" (following the intervention) was a national economic crisis and will be reported separately in the review.
Analysed appropriately (ITS) ?	Low risk	Segmented regression analysis
Shape of effect pre‐specified (ITS) ?	Low risk	Point of intervention was point of analysis.
Unlikely to affect data collection (ITS) ?	Low risk	Data were obtained from pharmacy systems.
Knowledge of the allocation adequately prevented(ITS)?	High risk	Prescribing data were processed by the investigators to convert grams to DDD and identify only IV antibiotics.
Incomplete outcome data addressed (ITS) ?	Low risk	Routine pharmacy data
Free of selected reporting (ITS) ?	Unclear risk	Processing of data has potential for selective outcome reporting.
Free of other bias (ITS) ?	Low risk	3 years' data pre‐ and 2 years' data postintervention