Bassetti 2009.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: ITS Risk of Bias: LOW
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in the ICU (mixed medical/surgical) PARTICIPANTS: all patients in the ICU CLINICAL PROBLEM: requiring empirical antibiotic therapy SETTING: 1 university hospital in Italy
Interventions	FORMAT, Interventions: educational outreach by review and recommend change; restrictive ‐ compulsory order form Intervention Functions: education, enablement, persuasion, restriction DELIVERER: specialist physicians (ID) COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: decrease excessive
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: Choice: use of cephalosporins in DDD/1000 OBD MICROBIAL: MRSA
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: none. Competing Interests: none declared ADDITIONAL DATA: no response from authors to request for additional data Microbial Risk of Bias: LOW
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Intervention independent (ITS) ?	Low risk
Analysed appropriately (ITS) ?	Low risk	Segmented regression analysis
Shape of effect pre‐specified (ITS) ?	Low risk
Unlikely to affect data collection (ITS) ?	Low risk	Routine pharmacy data
Knowledge of the allocation adequately prevented(ITS)?	Low risk	Routine pharmacy data
Incomplete outcome data addressed (ITS) ?	Low risk	Routine pharmacy data
Free of selected reporting (ITS) ?	Low risk	Routine pharmacy data
Free of other bias (ITS) ?	Low risk	> 1 year data pre‐ and postintervention. Microbial Risk of Bias: case defintion done, planned intervention done, other infection control measures done.