Cheng 2009.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: ITS Risk of Bias: MEDIUM
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in the hospital PARTICIPANTS: all patients receiving IV antibiotics CLINICAL PROBLEM: reduce inappropriate prescribing of broad‐spectrum IV antibiotics in hospital inpatients SETTING: 1 university hospital in China
Interventions	FORMAT, Interventions: educational meetings with dissemination of guidelines; educational outreach by review and recommend change Intervention Functions: education, enablement, persuasion DELIVERER: AMT COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: decrease excessive
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: Choice: use of targeted antibiotics in DDD/1000 OBD
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: no information ADDITIONAL DATA: no response from authors to request for additional data
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Intervention independent (ITS) ?	Unclear risk	Does not mention other changes apart from preceding Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme.
Analysed appropriately (ITS) ?	Low risk	Re‐analysed
Shape of effect pre‐specified (ITS) ?	Low risk	Point of intervention was point of analysis.
Unlikely to affect data collection (ITS) ?	Low risk	Routine pharmacy data used for outcome, so assume complete.
Knowledge of the allocation adequately prevented(ITS)?	Low risk	Routine pharmacy data used for outcome, so assume complete.
Incomplete outcome data addressed (ITS) ?	Low risk	Routine pharmacy data used for outcome, so assume complete.
Free of selected reporting (ITS) ?	Low risk
Free of other bias (ITS) ?	Low risk	> 1 year data pre‐ and postintervention