Chu 2003.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: CBA Risk of Bias: HIGH
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in hospital PARTICIPANTS: patients with clinical problem CLINICAL PROBLEM: community‐acquired pneumonia SETTING: a total of 36 (20 intervention, 16 control), non‐university community hospitals in USA
Interventions	FORMAT, Interventions: audit and feedback; educational meetings; dissemination of educational materials ‐ pack including guideline and literature review Intervention Functions: education, enablement DELIVERER: AMT COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: increase effective
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: Choice: process measures sputum and blood cultures within 4 hours, antibiotics within 4 hours, first antibiotic in emergency room CLINICAL: Intended: mortality and LOS
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Funding: contract 500‐99‐P619 "Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review Organization for the State of Oklahoma" from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Competing Interests: none declared ADDITIONAL DATA: no response from authors to request for additional data
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Control cohort study (CBA)
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Control cohort study (CBA)
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Control cohort study (CBA)
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Objective primary outcome collected on all participants.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Objective primary outcome collected on all participants.
Other bias	Low risk	No other apparent biases found.
Baseline Outcomes similar?	Low risk	Tables 1 and 2
Free of contamination?	Low risk	Intervention and control were at different sites.
Baseline characteristics similar?	Low risk	Tables 3 and 4