Dempsey 1995.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: ITS Risk of Bias: MEDIUM
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in the hospital PARTICIPANTS: all patients with clinical problem CLINICAL PROBLEM: patients with nursing home‐acquired pneumonia SETTING: 1 hospital in the USA
Interventions	FORMAT: no valid prescribing data. Audit and feedback; reminders; and educational meetings with dissemination of educational materials DELIVERER: AMT COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: increase effective
Outcomes	CLINICAL: Intended: length of stay FINANCIAL: charge per case of nursing home‐acquired pneumonia
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: no information provided ADDITIONAL DATA: no response from authors to request for additional data
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Intervention independent (ITS) ?	High risk	< 1 year data pre‐ and postintervention, so seasonal trends cannot be excluded.
Analysed appropriately (ITS) ?	Low risk	Re‐analysed
Shape of effect pre‐specified (ITS) ?	Low risk	Point of intervention was point of analysis.
Unlikely to affect data collection (ITS) ?	Low risk	Patient administration system
Knowledge of the allocation adequately prevented(ITS)?	Low risk	Patient administration system
Incomplete outcome data addressed (ITS) ?	Unclear risk	No explicit statement about complete follow‐up
Free of selected reporting (ITS) ?	Low risk
Free of other bias (ITS) ?	Low risk