Elligsen 2012.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: CITS Risk of Bias: MEDIUM
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in the critical care team PARTICIPANTS: all critical care patients in the hospital CLINICAL PROBLEM: decrease use of broad‐spectrum antibiotics in critical care patients SETTING: 1 tertiary‐care centre in Ontario, Canada
Interventions	FORMAT: Interventions: educational outreach by review and recommend change Intervention Functions: education, enablement, persuasion DELIVERER: AMT COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: decrease excessive
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: Choice: use of targeted broad‐spectrum antibiotics (days of therapy/1000 OBD)
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Funding: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ontario Ministry of Health, and Long Term Care Academic Health Services Centre Innovation Award. Competing Interests: none declared ADDITIONAL DATA: no response from authors to request for additional data
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Intervention independent (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done. October to August both pre‐ and postintervention
Analysed appropriately (ITS) ?	Low risk	Re‐analysed
Shape of effect pre‐specified (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, point of analysis was point of intervention.
Unlikely to affect data collection (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period.
Knowledge of the allocation adequately prevented(ITS)?	High risk	No, the intervention was open to all participants and prescribers, difficult to conceal.
Incomplete outcome data addressed (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period.
Free of selected reporting (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, Figures 1 and 2
Free of other bias (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, no other apparent biases