Hulgan 2004.
| Methods | STUDY DESIGN: ITS Risk of Bias: LOW |
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| Participants | PROVIDERS: physicians in the hospital
PATIENTS: all patients with clinical problem CLINICAL PROBLEM: use of IV and oral quinolones SETTING: university hospital in the USA |
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| Interventions | FORMAT, Interventions: reminders (circumstantial and physical, computerised decision support system integrated into an existing provider order entry system)
Intervention Functions: enablement, environmental restructuring, persuasion DELIVERER: AMT COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: decrease excessive use of IV quinolones |
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| Outcomes | PRESCRIBING: Choice: number of orders for oral quinolone FINANCIAL: savings on drug costs in USD |
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| Notes | FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Funding: NIH Training Grant T32 AI 07474‐08 and Vanderbilt Clinical Research Scholar Award K12 RR17697 (TH). Competing Interests: DAT and RAM receive authorship royalties through Vanderbilt University from the commercial distribution of WizOrder. STR has received consulting fees from McKesson Information Solutions, which has licensed WizOrder for commercial distribution. None of the other authors has related disclosures or potential conflicts of interest. ADDITIONAL DATA: email response from authors with additional data |
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| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Intervention independent (ITS) ? | Low risk | Objective outcome measure |
| Analysed appropriately (ITS) ? | Low risk | Done in original paper: segmented regression analysis |
| Shape of effect pre‐specified (ITS) ? | Low risk | Done, intended effect was increase in primary outcome, and point of analysis was point of intervention. |
| Unlikely to affect data collection (ITS) ? | Low risk | Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period. |
| Knowledge of the allocation adequately prevented(ITS)? | Low risk | Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period. |
| Incomplete outcome data addressed (ITS) ? | Low risk | Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period. |
| Free of selected reporting (ITS) ? | Low risk | 1 year of data pre‐ and postintervention |
| Free of other bias (ITS) ? | Low risk | Objective primary outcome, cost analysis adjusted to 2003 prices. |