Salama 1996.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: ITS Risk of Bias: LOW
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in the hospital PARTICIPANTS: all patients in the hospital CLINICAL PROBLEM: requiring antibiotic therapy SETTING: 1 university hospital in Canada
Interventions	FORMAT: Interventions: audit and feedback; educational meetings with dissemination of guidelines; educational outreach by academic detailing; reminders (circumstantial, physical, and verbal: newsletters, posters, pocket charts, educational rounds, and triggered by prescribing of target drugs); reminders (physical); restrictive by compulsory order form plus automatic 3‐day stop order for all antibiotics and review and make change (therapeutic substitution of selected drugs) Intervention Functions: education, enablement, environmental restructuring, persuasion, restriction DESIRED CHANGE: reduction in vancomycin and ceftazidime use
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: Choice: vancomycin and ceftazidime use in units, antibiotic cost as a percentage of total drug cost
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: no information ADDITIONAL DATA: no response from authors to request for additional data
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Intervention independent (ITS) ?	Low risk	> 12 months' data pre‐ and postintervention, enough to account for seasonal change
Analysed appropriately (ITS) ?	Low risk	Re‐analysed. Not done in original paper: comparison of means (uncontrolled before‐after).
Shape of effect pre‐specified (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, intended effect was decrease in primary outcome, and point of analysis was point of intervention.
Unlikely to affect data collection (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period.
Knowledge of the allocation adequately prevented(ITS)?	Low risk	Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period.
Incomplete outcome data addressed (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period.
Free of selected reporting (ITS) ?	Low risk	Done, data were from routine systems and unlikely to change over study period.
Free of other bias (ITS) ?	Low risk	No other apparent biases found.