Weiss 2013.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: cluster NRT Risk of Bias: HIGH
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in the ICU PARTICIPANTS: all patients in the ICU CLINICAL PROBLEM: receiving antibiotic treatment SETTING: 1 University hospital in the USA
Interventions	FORMAT: Intervention: reminder, verbal (on rounds) based on a scripted electronic checklist of issues to discuss about antibiotics Intervention Functions: environmental restructuring, persuasion DELIVERER: departmental physicians COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: decrease excessive
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: Choice: duration of empiric antibiotic treatment before narrowing choice, % patient days on which empiric antibiotics were used. Exposure: duration of all antibiotic treatment CLINICAL: Balancing: mortality (total, standardised mortality ratio, and adjusted odds of death), length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL076139‐07) and Parker B. Francis Fellowship to CHW. Dr Weiss has received funding from the National Institutes of Health. Drs Sung and Rho received a travel award to present a research abstract at American Thoracic Society conference in May 2012 from Northwestern University. Dr Wunderink is a board member for Pfizer and has consulted for Crucell (now Johnson & Johnson), Trius, AstraZeneca, and GlaxoSmithKline. He has received grant support from bioMérieux and payment for lectures from the American Thoracic Society. The remaining authors have not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest. ADDITIONAL DATA: online supplementary data for this article and further details of intervention in Weiss 2011. No response from authors to request for additional data
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Coin toss to allocate 1 medical team to intervention and 1 to control
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	No concealment
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	No blinding
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Outcomes reported on all patients.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	No information about inter‐rater reliability of primary outcome measure, which was not objective: "empirical antibiotics were defined as any antimicrobial agent administered without culture‐documented infection".
Other bias	High risk	Unit of analysis error, no adjustment for clustering
Baseline Outcomes similar?	Unclear risk	No data
Free of contamination?	High risk	Intervention and control teams worked on the same ICU.
Baseline characteristics similar?	Low risk	Table 1