Willemsen 2010.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: ITS Risk of Bias: LOW
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians in the hospital PARTICIPANTS: all patients receiving therapeutic antibiotics CLINICAL PROBLEM: decrease use of ciprofloxacin SETTING: 1 hospital in the Netherlands
Interventions	FORMAT: Interventions: educational meetings with dissemination of guidelines; educational outreach by review and recommend change; reminders (physical, newsletter and on all microbiology reports saying that ciprofloxacin should be prescribed on strict indications only) Intervention Functions: education, enablement, environmental restructuring, persuasion DELIVERER: AMT COMPARISON: usual care DESIRED CHANGE: decrease excessive
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: Choice: prescribed daily doses of ciprofloxacin (IV and oral) MICROBIAL: % quionolone‐resistant gram‐negative clinical isolates
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Funding: Amphia Hospital, Breda/Oosterhout, Netherlands. Competing Interests: none declared ADDITIONAL DATA: no response from authors to request for additional data Microbial Risk of Bias: LOW Case definition infection with quionolone‐resistant gram‐negative bacteria, Planned intervention Low, Other infection control Low, no changes (information in Discussion)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Intervention independent (ITS) ?	Low risk
Analysed appropriately (ITS) ?	Low risk	Segmented regression analysis
Shape of effect pre‐specified (ITS) ?	Low risk	Point of intervention was point of analysis.
Unlikely to affect data collection (ITS) ?	Low risk	Outcomes from pharmacy and microbiology computers
Knowledge of the allocation adequately prevented(ITS)?	Low risk	Outcomes from pharmacy and microbiology computers
Incomplete outcome data addressed (ITS) ?	Low risk	Outcomes from pharmacy and microbiology computers
Free of selected reporting (ITS) ?	Low risk	Outcomes from pharmacy and microbiology computers
Free of other bias (ITS) ?	Low risk	1 year data pre‐ and postintervention