Yu 2014.

Methods	STUDY DESIGN: CBA Risk of Bias: HIGH
Participants	PROVIDERS: all physicians PARTICIPANTS: all patients CLINICAL PROBLEM: patients receiving therapeutic antibiotics SETTING: 5 hospitals in an integrated healthcare system in the USA
Interventions	FORMAT: Intervention: educational outreach through review and recommend change in 2 hospitals Intervention Functions: enablement, persuasion DELIVERER: AMT COMPARISON: usual care in 3 hospitals DESIRED CHANGE: decrease excessive
Outcomes	PRESCRIBING: Choice: use of target antibiotics in DDD/1000 OBD CLINICAL: hospital standardised mortality ratio MICROBIAL: Clostridium difficile infection rates FINANCIAL: total and direct acquisitional cost of targeted antimicrobials
Notes	FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Funding: none. Competing Interests: none declared ADDITIONAL DATA: no response from authors to request for additional data Microbial Risk of Bias: HIGH case definition Not Clear, planned intervention Low, other infection control measures Not Clear
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Study sites selected from baseline antimicrobial use.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	No concealment
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	No blinding
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Data from pharmacy computer
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Data from pharmacy computer
Other bias	Low risk
Baseline Outcomes similar?	High risk	Table 2
Free of contamination?	Low risk	Intervention and control sites different hospitals
Baseline characteristics similar?	High risk	Several potentially important differences between intervention and control sites