Fig 1. Effects of NDMA and ESP of C. sinensis on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in human cholangiocytes (H69 cells).

A. Cells were plated in 96-well plates (5 × 10³ cells/well). Cell proliferation for each treatment was determined using the PrestoBlue cell viability assay. B. After H69 cells were treated with NDMA and ESP for 72 h, PI staining was performed to determine the percentage of cells in each phase. Data represent the mean ± SE of five independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 versus control. (NDMA; N-nitrosodimethylamine, ESP; Clonochis sinensis excretory-secretory protein).