Comparison 1. Exercise vs control.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Exercise capacity: 6MWD	5	165	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	60.12 [30.17, 90.07]
2 Exercise capacity: VO2peak	4	145	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.41 [1.38, 3.44]
3 Exercise capacity: Peak power	4	145	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	16.44 [10.90, 21.99]
4 Exercisecapacity: Anaerobic threshold	3	66	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.53, 1.58]
5 HRQoL SF36: Physical component score	2	33	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.63 [0.80, 8.47]
6 HRQoL SF36: Mental component score	2	33	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.17 [0.01, 8.34]
7 Adverse events	5	165	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.04, 0.04]
8 HRQoL SF36: Physical function	4	118	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	6.13 [‐3.73, 16.00]
9 HRQoL SF36: Role physical	4	116	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	21.81 [14.40, 29.23]
10 HRQoL SF36: Bodily pain	3	88	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	5.64 [‐3.09, 14.36]
11 HRQoL SF36: General health	3	84	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	5.76 [‐0.80, 12.32]
12 HRQoL SF36: Mental health	3	87	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	6.21 [‐1.85, 14.27]
13 HRQoL SF36: Role emotional	3	87	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.79 [‐7.43, 13.01]
14 HRQol SF36: Vitality	4	115	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	13.47 [7.55, 19.40]
15 HRQoL SF36: Social function	4	118	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	14.01 [9.82, 18.21]
16 HRQoL: CAMPHOR activities	2	33	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.33 [‐3.56, 0.90]
17 HRQoL: CAMPHOR symptoms	2	36	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐3.08 [‐7.78, 1.62]
18 HRQoL: CAMPHOR QoL	2	36	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐5.42 [‐8.03, ‐2.81]
19 Cardiopulmonary haemodynamics	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
20 Functional class	2	40	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.60 [‐0.85, ‐0.35]
21 B‐type natriuretic peptide	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
22 Exercise capacity: 6MWD, sensitivity analysis	4	86	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	67.91 [27.12, 108.69]
23 Exercise capacity: VO2peak, sensitivity analysis	3	66	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.94 [0.86, 3.01]
24 Exercise capacity: Peak power, sensitivity analysis	3	66	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	15.27 [8.57, 21.97]
25 Exercise capacity 6MWD, PAH subgroup only	2	36	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	33.84 [0.95, 66.73]
26 Exercise capacity: VO2peak, PAH subgroup only	2	36	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.28 [‐0.19, 2.75]
27 Exercise capacity: Peak power, PAH subgroup only	2	36	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	14.24 [5.78, 22.70]
28 Exercise capacity: Anaerobic threshold, PAH subgroup only	2	36	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	41.31 [‐52.05, 134.67]
29 Exercise capacity: 6MWD, subgroup analysis for setting of rehabilitation	5		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
29.1 Inpatient exercise training	3	129	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	72.79 [28.09, 117.49]
29.2 Outpatient exercise training	2	36	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	33.84 [0.95, 66.73]