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. 2012 Mar 14;2012(3):CD008449. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008449.pub2

Tezuka 2006

Methods Randomised cross‐over trial
Participants Country: Japan
Sample size: 15 participants (9 in mirror therapy group; 6 dropped out, 4 during the first interval)
Inclusion criteria: patients admitted or planned to be admitted to rehabilitation ward on the hospital due to post‐stroke hemiparesis; within 1 month post‐stroke; informed consent was obtained from the patient and their family
Exclusion criteria: higher brain dysfunction
Interventions 2 arms:
  1. mirror therapy: participants were instructed to move the non‐paretic arm while looking in the mirror and passive movement of the paretic arm provided by therapist

  2. passive arm movements: using only passive movements of the affected arm without a mirror


1 and 2: 10 to 15 minutes per day for 4 weeks, followed by 4 weeks vice versa
Outcomes Outcomes were recorded at baseline and after 4 weeks of therapy
  • FM wrist and fingers motor score (0 to 24)

Notes We only analysed the first intervention period of 4 weeks
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Low risk Computer generated allocation to groups
Allocation concealment (selection bias) High risk Stated by authors (unpublished information)
ITT analysis High risk Stated by authors (unpublished information)
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) primary outcome Low risk Assessors were blinded to group allocation