2. Glossary. Terms marked * have their own entries.
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Abduction. Sideways movement of a limb away from the body, as in flapping the arms. The opposite of *adduction. The range of abduction is measured from the arm‐at‐side position (0°). Adduction. Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body. The opposite of *abduction. Accuracy. Formally, the proportion of all cases correctly identified by the test. Estimated as (TP+TN)/(TP+FP+FN+TN). ACJ. See ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT. Acromioclavicular joint. The joint between the outer end of the *clavicle and the *acromion. Acromion. A bony process that projects from the *scapula and forms the point of the shoulder. It lies above the shoulder joint. Anterior. Towards the front. The opposite of *posterior. Arthrography. A diagnostic technique in which X‐rays are taken after injection of a contrast material into a joint. Biceps. See LONG HEAD OF BICEPS. Bicipital groove. A groove on the front of the upper *humerus that accommodates the Tendon of the *long head of biceps. Bursa. A lubricating sac. Bursae are often found where ligaments, muscles, tendons or bones rub together. Bursal‐side. Pertaining to the outer (superficial) aspect of the *rotator cuff: the aspect adjacent to the *subacromial‐subdeltoid bursa. Bursography. A diagnostic technique in which X‐rays are taken after injection of a contrast material into a *bursa. Calcific tendonitis. An inflammation of tendon characterised by deposition of calcium within the tendon’s substance. The tendon of *supraspinatus is commonly affected in this way. Clavicle. The collarbone. Cranial. Towards the head. Caudal. Away from the head. Deltoid. The muscle which gives rise to the rounded contour of the shoulder. Its major function, in concert with *supraspinatus, is to *abduct the shoulder. Distal. The direction away from the body. Elevate. To move upwards. At the shoulder, elevation may be through *flexion, *abduction or in the *plane of the scapula. In each case the range of the movement is measured from the arm‐at‐side position (0°). Extend. See EXTENSION. Extension. In general terms, straightening a joint to lengthen a limb. The opposite of *flexion. At the shoulder, it denotes movement backwards. The range of shoulder extension is measured from the arm‐at‐side position (0°). External rotation. See LATERAL ROTATION. False Negative (FN). The cases which a test incorrectly classifies as not having a disease. False Positive (FP). The cases which a test incorrectly classifies as having a disease. Flex. See FLEXION. Flexion. In general terms, bending a joint to shorten a limb (as in bending the arm up at the elbow).The opposite of *extension. At the shoulder it denotes movement forwards. The range of shoulder flexion is measured from the arm‐at‐side position (0°). FN. See FALSE NEGATIVE. FP. See FALSE POSITIVE. Glenoid. The socket of the shoulder joint. Glenoid labrum. A fibrocartilage (gristly) extension of the *glenoid rim that deepens the socket of the shoulder joint. Gold standard. A reputedly optimal *reference standard. Greater tuberosity. A protuberance on the upper *humerus to which *supraspinatus attaches. Horizontal abduction. The movement in which the arm is positioned parallel to the ground and brought backwards. The opposite of *horizontal adduction. Horizontal adduction. The movement in which the arm is positioned parallel to the ground and brought forwards. The opposite of *horizontal abduction. Humerus. The upper arm bone. Humeral head. The rounded upper part of the *humerus, which forms the ball of the shoulder joint. Impingement. Pinching. This causes ‘catching’ or aching pain without appreciable joint stiffness, and may lead to local inflammation and tissue damage. Subcategories include *internal impingement, *subacromial outlet impingement. Index test. The test undergoing evaluation against a *reference standard. Inferior. Relating to the lower portion of a structure. Opposite of *superior. Inferiorly. Downwards. Opposite of *superiorly. Infraspinatus. See ROTATOR CUFF. Internal rotation. See MEDIAL ROTATION. Internal impingement. Pinching of structures inside the shoulder joint at the extremes of movement. The *glenoid rim, the *glenoid labrum and the deep surface of the *rotator cuff are vulnerable to this type of *impingement, and may be affected singly or in combination. Isometric resistance. Tester‐applied resistance that prevents an attempted movement. Isotonic resistance. Tester‐applied resistance that allows an attempted movement Joint‐side. Pertaining to the inner (deep) aspect of the *rotator cuff: the aspect adjacent to the shoulder joint. Labrum. See GLENOID LABRUM. Lateral. Away from the midline of the body. The opposite of *medial. *Lateral rotation. At the shoulder this denotes a twisting movement as in unfolding the arms. The opposite of *medial rotation. Lesion. An area of tissue damage. LHB. See LONG HEAD OF BICEPS. Long head of biceps (LHB). The portion of the biceps that arises inside the shoulder joint. The tendon arches over the *humerus to pass into the arm. LR̶–‐. See NEGATIVE LIKELIHOOD RATIO. LR+. See POSITIVE LIKELIHOOD RATIO. Magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA). *MRI following injection of a contrast material into a joint. Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI). A non‐invasive diagnostic technique. Tissues' differing responses in a strong electromagnetic field are analysed by computer and translated into an accurate anatomical image. Medial. Towards the midline of the body. The opposite of *lateral. Medial rotation. At the shoulder, a twisting movement as in folding the arms or bringing the hand behind the back. The opposite of *medial rotation. MRA. See MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARTHROGRAPHY. MRI. See MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Negative likelihood ratio (LR‐). The ratio between the probability of a negative test result when the disease is present, and the probability of a negative test result when the disease is absent; estimated as (1‐Sn)/Sp. Negative predictive value. The probability that the disease is absent when the test is negative; estimated as TN/(FN+TN). Neuropathy. A disorder of a nerve that may result in muscle weakness. Neutral rotation. A position of neither *lateral nor *medial rotation. Plane of the scapula. A plane of shoulder movement between *flexion/*extension and *abduction/*adduction. Posterior. Towards the back. The opposite of *anterior. Positive likelihood ratio (LR+). The ratio between the probability of a positive test result when the disease is present, and the probability of a positive test result when the disease is absent; estimated as Sn/(1‐Sp). Positive predictive value (PPV). The probability that the disease is present when the test is positive; estimated as TP/(TP+FP). PPV. See POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE. Pronation. The movement of the forearm that, in relaxed standing, would bring the palm to face backwards. Prone. Lying face downwards. Proximal. The direction towards the body. Reference standard. A highly accurate method of diagnosis. It provides a benchmark against which other methods are judged. Rheumatoid disease. A systemic disease, one manifestation of which is inflammation of joints. Rotator cuff. A musculotendinous cuff that surrounds and blends with the shoulder joint, contributing to stability as well as producing movements. It comprises four overlapping units: supraspinatus, which lies on top of the joint and produces *abduction is the most commonly damaged; infraspinatus lies behind the joint, produces *lateral rotation and is the second most commonly damaged; subscapularis lies in front of the joint, produces *medial rotation and is damaged comparatively rarely. The fourth unit, teres minor, lies below *infraspinatus. It is relatively unimportant. SA‐SD *bursa. See SUBACROMIAL‐SUBDELTOID BURSA. Scaption. *Elevation of the arm in the *plane of the scapula. Scapula. Shoulder blade. Scapular. Relating to the *scapula. Sensitivity (Sn). The proportion of cases with the disease that are correctly identified by the *index test i.e. the true positive rate; estimated as TP/(TP+FN). SIS. See SUBACROMIAL IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME. SLAP lesion (Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior *lesion). A tear in the upper part of the *glenoid labrum that extends forwards and backwards (Snyder 1990a; see Footnotes). It may result from *internal impingement. Sn. See SENSITIVITY. Sp. See SPECIFICITY. Specificity (Sp). The proportion of cases without the disease that are correctly identified by the *index test i.e. the true negative rate; estimated as TN/(FP+TN). Subacromial impingement. Pinching of the *subacromial‐subdeltoid bursa, the *rotator cuff, the *long head of biceps, or a combination of these, between the *humerus and the *acromion. Subacromial impingement syndrome. A collection of signs and symptoms considered characteristic of *subacromial impingement. Subacromial‐subdeltoid *bursa. A palm‐sized *bursa centred deep to the anterolateral tip of the *acromion. Extending *distally ‐ under the *deltoid ‐ as well as *proximally, and being superficial to the tendons of the *rotator cuff, it facilitates movement at the shoulder. Subacromial outlet impingement. See SUBACROMIAL IMPINGEMENT. Subluxation. A loss of joint congruity lesser in degree than in dislocation. Subscapularis. See ROTATOR CUFF. Superior. Relating to the upper portion of a structure. Opposite of *inferior. Superiorly. Upwards. Opposite of *inferiorly. Supination. The movement of the forearm that, in relaxed standing, brings the palm to face forwards. Supine. Lying flat with face upwards. Supraspinatus. See ROTATOR CUFF. Synovitis. Inflammation of *synovium. Synovium. Slippery tissue that lines joints, bursae and the sheaths that surround some tendons, such as the *long head of biceps. Systemic. Body‐wide, as opposed to local. Tendon Sheath. See SYNOVIUM. Teres minor. See ROTATOR CUFF. Tendinitis. Inflammation affecting a tendon. Tendinosis. Degenerative changes affecting a tendon. TN. See TRUE NEGATIVE. TP. See TRUE POSITIVE. True Negative (TN). The cases which a test correctly identifies as not having a disease. True Positive (TP). The cases which a test correctly identifies as having a disease. Ultrasonography. A non‐invasive diagnostic technique in which high‐ frequency sound waves are bounced from the tissues in order to form images of the body's internal structures. Xylocaine. A local anaesthetic. |
Snyder SJ, Karzel RP, Del Pizzo W, Ferkel RD, Friedman MJ. SLAP lesions of the shoulder. Arthroscopy 1990;6(4):274‐9.