| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Airan 1992 | Retrospective and prospective case series of LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct. |
| Ammori 2000 | Prospective study comparing pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC compared to LC + laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct . Not randomised. |
| Andreasen 1998 | Retrospective series of peri‐operative ERCP + LC. |
| Berci 1994 | Case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct. |
| Bergamaschi 1999 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Boeckl 1988 | Study comparing pre‐operative ERCP/ES + OC versus OC +/‐ (open) exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Boerma 2002 | A randomised trial comparing wait‐and‐see or laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile‐duct stones. |
| Bonatsos 1996 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Budzynski 1997 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Cemachovic 2000 | Retrospective case series of LC + intra‐operative ERCP/ES. |
| Chan 1996 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Chang 2000 | Randomised clinical trial comparing pre‐operative versus postoperative ERCP and LC in mild to moderate gallstone pancreatitis. 60 randomised pts with gallstone pancreatitis and suspicion of common duct calculi on US and biochemistry. ERCP required in only 24% of postoperative group based on IOC. Treatment failure 10% in both groups, but higher costs and longer hospital stay in pre‐operative group. Excluded as the pre ‐ and postoperative ERP were the comparison groups. |
| Cisek 1994 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Conigliaro 1995 | Non‐randomised study for CBD stone treatment into 4 groups: (1) ES and LC, (2) Pre‐op ERCP and LC, (3) Open surgery, (4) Laparoscopic bile duct exploration. |
| Coppola 1996 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Daradkeh 2000 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Davis 1997 | Case series of peri‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Decker 2003 | Cohort of 100 laparoscopic choledochotomies with primary closure of the bile duct. |
| Dias 2002 | Survey of surgeons in NSW Australia regarding management of CBD stones. |
| Drouard 1995 | Case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Drouard 1997 | Case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Ebner 2004 | Cohort of 200 pts undergoing laparoscopic management of bile duct stones (115 transcystic, 85 choledochotomy). 91% clearance. 7% 'complication rate'. 0.5% mortality. |
| El Geidie 2011 | Compares the timing of ERCP in relation to LC. |
| Fanning 1997 | Retrospective study comparing pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC to LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Frazee 1993 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Galloway 1994 | Prospective non‐randomised study of combined laparoscopic and endoscopic treatment of gallstones and bile duct stones: |
| Giurgiu 1999 | Prospective case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Gonzalez 1989 | Prospective study comparing pre‐operative ERCP/ES + open cholecystectomy versus open cholecystectomy + (open) exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Hamy 2003 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. |
| Heili 1999 | Retrospective study comparing pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC to LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Heinerman 1989 | Non‐randomised comparison between surgical and endoscopic common bile duct stone extraction. |
| Hoyuela 1999 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Hui 2002 | A randomised study of ERCP vs no ERCP in acute acalculous cholangitis. |
| Huynh 1996 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Kapoor 1994 | Non‐randomised comparison between open cholecystectomy +/‐ open exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction) and ERCP/ES +/‐ open cholecystectomy. |
| Khuroo 1989 | Randomisation to biliary drainage (ie, not stone removal) and surgery. |
| Kullman 1996 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative and postoperative ERCP/ES + LC. Not a RCT. |
| Lai 1992 | Randomisation to biliary drainage (ie, not stone removal) and surgery. |
| Lella 2006 | Compares the timing of ERCP in relation to LC. |
| Lezoche 1996 | Prospective case series of LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Lezoche 2000 | Case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Liberman 1996 | Retrospective study comparing LC +/‐ postoperative ERCP/ES to LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Liu 1996 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. Not a RCT. |
| Magnanini 1994 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Martin 1998 | Case series of 300 LC + laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Martin 2002 | Cohort series of 56 pts undergoing attempted laparoscopic transcystic bile duct stenting in the management of common bile duct stones. |
| Masci 1999 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Materia 1996 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Meyer 1999 | Study comparing peri‐operative ERCP/ES + LC to LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction) to open cholecystectomy +/‐ open exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Meyer 2002 | Cohort of common bile duct stone management in a single operation combining laparoscopic cholecystectomy and pre‐operative endoscopic sphincterotomy. |
| Michel 2000 | Retrospective case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Mijal 1997 | Study comparing pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC to open cholecystectomy + open exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Millat 1995 | Prospective case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Millat 1996 | Prospective case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Millat 1997 | Case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Miller 1988 | Retrospective study comparing ERCP/ES to open cholecystectomy +/‐ open exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Mo 2002 | Study of pre‐operative endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of pts with cholecystocholedocholithiasis. |
| Moreaux 1995 | Prospective case series of open cholecystectomy +/‐ open exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Morino 2006 | Compares the timing of ERCP in relation to LC. |
| Neoptolemos 89 | Retrospective and prospective study comparing open cholecystectomy +/‐ open exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction) to ERCP/ES +/‐ open cholecystectomy. |
| Neuhaus 1992 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP + LC. Not a RCT. |
| Niu 1995 | Case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Paganini 1998 | Prospective case series of LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Palacios‐Macedo 1995 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. Not a RCT. |
| Pedersen 1998 | Retrospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES. |
| Pereira‐Lima 2001 | Cohort series of ERCP CDS clearence in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: prospective analysis of 386 pts. |
| Perniceni 2001 | Case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Phillips 1995 | Retrospective case series of LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Quershi 1993 | Case series of pre‐ and postoperative ERCP/ES. |
| Rabago 2006 | Compares the timing of ERCP in relation to LC. |
| Rhodes 1995 | Retrospective case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Rieger 1994 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Rieger 1995 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. Not a RCT. |
| Rijna 2000 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Robertson 1996 | Case series of ERCP/ES followed by LC. |
| Robinson 1995 | Case series of LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Roush 1995 | Retrospective case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Santucci 1996 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. Not a RCT. |
| Sarli 1999 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. Not a RCT. |
| Schwab 1992 | Prospective study comparing OC+/‐ ECD to ERCP/ES. Not a RCT. |
| Seo 2000 | Prospective case series of ERCP/ES. Not an RCT. |
| Stoker 1995 | Prospective case series of LC +/‐ laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Sugiyama 1999 | Prospective case series of laparoscopic exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). |
| Sungler 1993 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Sungler 1997 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Tham 1998 | Case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Trias 1997 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Trondsen 1995 | Retrospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + open cholecystectomy. |
| Turcu 1997 | Prospective study comparing pre‐operative ERCP/ES + open cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy + open exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Waage 2003 | Cohort series of 175 attempted laparoscopic bile duct exploration (110 transcystic, 52 lap choledochotomy and 13 open conversion). Morbidity 6.9%. Mortality 0%. Median follow‐up 36 months with 1 recurrence of CBS and no strictures. |
| Welbourn 1995 | Retrospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Wenner 2005 | Cohort series of 23 pts undergoing laparoscopic bile duct exploration using a Multichannel Instrument Guide. 95% stone clearance rate. |
| Widdison 1994 | Prospective case series of pre‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. Not a RCT. |
| Wilson 1993 | Case series of peri‐operative ERCP/ES + LC. |
| Worthley 1989 | Prospective study comparing pre‐operative ERCP/ES + open cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy + open exploration of common duct (with a view to stone extraction). Not a RCT. |
| Zargar 2002 | Case series of ERCP in the treatment of common bile duct stones. |
ERCP/ES = Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography with endoscopic sphincterotomy (usually with a view to endoscopic stone extraction) LC = Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Pt = participant RCT = Randomised clinical trial