Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Study ID | EXP age | CTL age | EXP gender | CTL gender | EXP time post stroke | CTL time post stroke | EXP paresis side | CTL paresis side |
| Ada 2003 | Mean 66 (SD 11) years (excluding 1 drop out) | Mean 66 (SD 11) years (excluding 1 drop out) | Male/female 9/4 | Male/female 10/4 | Mean 28 (SD 17) months | Mean 26 (SD 20) months | Left/right 5/8 | Left/right 8/6 |
| Ada 2010 | Mean 70 (SD 9) years | Mean 71 (SD 9) years | Male/female 38/26 | Male/female 33/29 | Mean 18 (SD 8) days | Mean 18 (SD 7) days | Left/right 34/30 | Left/right 36/26 |
| Ada 2013 | Mean 67 (SD 12) years | Mean 63 (SD 13) years | Male/female 52/16 | Male/female 19/15 | Mean 21 (SD 16) months | Mean 19 (SD 13) months | Left/right 32/34 | Left/right 13/21 |
| Kim 2011 | Mean 51 (SD 4) years | Mean 50 (SD 8) years | Male/female 11/9 | Male/female 14/10 | Mean 15 (SD 6) months | Mean 14 (SD 3) months | Left/right 8/12 | Left/right 8/16 |
| da Cunha Filho 2002 | Mean 57.8 (SD 5.5) years (excluding drop outs) | Mean 58.9 (SD 12.9) years (excluding drop outs) | Male/female 6/0 | Male/female 7/0 | Mean 15.7 (SD 7.7) days | Mean 19.0 (SD 12.7) days | Left/right/bilateral 1/4/1 | Left/right 4/3 |
| Deniz 2011 | Mean 61.5 (SD 4.7) years | Mean 61.5 (SD 12.5) years | Male/female 8/2 | Male/female 3/7 | Mean 71 (SD 40) days | Mean 81 (SD 47) months | Left/right 6/4 | Left/right 3/7 |
| Du 2006 | 56 (6) years | 58 (6) years | Male/female 35/32 | Male/female 30/31 | < 3 months | < 3 months | Left/right 31/36 | Left/right 29/32 |
| Duncan 2011 | Mean 62 (SD 12) years | Mean 63 (SD 13) years | Male/female 159/123 | Male/female 65/61 | Mean 64 (SD 9) days | Mean 63 (SD 8) days | Left/right 121/161 | Left/right 61/65 |
| Eich 2004 | Mean 62.4 (SD 4.8) years (all participants) | Mean 64.0 (SD 6.0) years (all participants) | Male/female 17/8 | Male/female 16/9 | Mean 6.1 (SD 2.2) weeks | Mean 6.3 (SD 2.5) weeks | Left/right 14/11 | Left/right 14/11 |
| Franceschini 2009 | Mean 66 (SD 12) years | Mean 71 (SD 12) years | Male/female 28/24 | Male/female 22/23 (only 45 described) |
Mean 17 (SD 10) days | Mean 14 (SD 7) days | Left/right 29/23 | Left/right 15/30 (only 45 described) |
| Gan 2012 | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described |
| Globas 2011 | Mean 69 (SD 7) years | Mean 69 (SD 6) years | Male/female 14/4 (only 18 described) |
Male/female 15/3 (only 18 described) |
Mean 60 (SD 47) months | Mean 70 (SD 67) months | Left/right 4/14 (only 18 described) |
Left/right 9/9 (only 18 described) |
| Hoyer 2012 | Mean 52 (SD 13) years | Mean 52 (SD 6) years | Male/female 20/10 | Male/female 18/12 | Mean 99 (SD 39) days | Mean 96 (SD 42) days | Left/right 17/13 | Left/right 17/13 |
| Jaffe 2004 | Mean 58.2 (SD 11.2) years (excluding drop outs) | Mean 63.2 (SD 8.3) years (excluding drop outs) | Male/female 5/5 (excluding drop outs) | Male/female 7/3 (excluding drop outs) | Mean 3.9 (SD 2.3) years (excluding drop outs) | Mean 3.6 (SD 2.6) years (excluding drop outs) | Left/right 6/4 (excluding drop outs) | Left/right 4/6 (excluding drop outs) |
| Kang 2012 | Mean 56 (SD 7) years | Mean 56 (SD 8) years | Male/female 10/10 (excluding drop outs) |
Male/female 6/4 (excluding drop outs) |
Mean 14 (SD 4) months | Mean 15 (SD 7) months | Left/right 8/12 (excluding drop outs) |
Left/right 5/5 (excluding drop outs) |
| Kosak 2000 | Mean 74 (SEM 2) years (all participants) | Mean 70 (SEM 2) years | Male/female 13/9 | Male/female 18/16 | Mean 39 (SEM 3) days | Mean 40 (SEM 4) days | Left/right/bilateral 8/12/2 | Left/right/bilateral 12/16/6 |
| Kuys 2011 | Mean 63 (SD 14) years | Mean 72 (SD 17) years | Male/female 8/7 | Male/female 6/9 | Mean 52 (SD 32) days (excluding drop outs) |
Mean 49 (SD 30) days (excluding drop outs) |
Left/right 6/9 | Left/right 11/4 |
| Langhammer 2010 | Mean 74 (SD 13) years | Mean 75 (SD 10) years | Male/female 10/11 | Male/female 6/12 | Mean 419 (SD 1034) days | Mean 349 (SD 820) days | Left/right 15/6 | Left/right 13/5 |
| Laufer 2001 | Mean 66.6 (SD 7.2) years (excluding drop outs) | Mean 69.3 (SD 8.1) years (excluding drop outs) | Male/female 7/6 | Male/female 7/5 | Mean 32.6 (SD 21.2) days | Mean 35.8 (SD 17.3) days | Left/right 5/8 | Left/right 5/7 |
| Liston 2000 | Mean 79.1 (SD 6.8) years (all EXP and CTL participants) | Male/female 12/6 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | ||
| Luft 2008 | Mean 64 (SD 10) years | Mean 63 (SD 9) years | Male/female 14/20 (excluding drop outs) |
Male/female 19/18 (excluding drop outs) |
Mean 55 months (excluding drop outs) |
Mean 63 months (excluding drop outs) |
Left/right 21/12 (excluding drop outs) |
Left/right 13/21 (excluding drop outs) |
| MacKay‐Lyons 2013 | Mean 62 (SD 15) years | Mean 59 (SD 13) years | Male/female 15/9 | Male/female 14/12 | Mean 23 (SD 6) days | Mean 23 (SD 4) days | Left/right 16/8 | Left/right 13/13 |
| Macko 2005 | Mean 63 (SD 10) years | Mean 64 (SD 8) years | Male/female 22/10 | Male/female 21/8 | Mean 35 (SD 29) months | Mean 39 (SD 59) months | Left/right 18/14 | Left/right 13/16 |
| Mehrberg 2001 | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described | Not described |
| Moore 2010 | Mean 50 (SD 15) years (EXP and CTL participants) | Male/female 14/6 (EXP and CTL) | Mean 13 (SD 8) months (EXP and CTL) | Left/right 16/4 (EXP and CTL) | ||||
| Nilsson 2001 | Median 54 (range 24 to 67) years (all participants) | Median 56 (range 24 to 66) years | Male/female 20/16 | Male/female 20/17 | Median 22 (range 10 to 56) days | Median 17 (range 8 to 53) days | Left/right/bilateral 21/11/4 | Left/right/bilateral 18/14/5 |
| Olawale 2009 | Mean 56.8 (SD 6.4) years | Mean 57.0 (SD 7.1) years | Male/female 12/8 | Male/female 22/18 | Mean 10.2 (SD 6.9) months | Mean 10.5 (SD 6.3) months | Left/right 12/8 | Left/right 19/21 |
| Pohl 2002 | Mean 58.2 (SD 10.5) years for EXP 1 (excluding drop outs) Mean 57.1 (SD 13.9) years for EXP 2 (excluding drop outs) | Mean 61.6 (SD 10.6) years (excluding drop outs) | Male/female 16/4 for EXP 1 male/female 14/6 for EXP 2 | Male/female 13/7 | Mean 16.2 (SD 16.4) weeks for EXP 1 Mean 16.8 (SD 20.5) weeks for EXP 2 | Mean 16.1 (SD 18.5) weeks | Left/right 15/5 for EXP 1 Left/right 16/4 for EXP 2 | Left/right 16/4 |
| Richards 1993 | Mean 69.6 (SD 7.4) years (all participants) | Mean 67.3 (SD 11.2) years (CTL 1) | Male/female 5/5 | Male/female 2/6 | Mean 8.3 (SD 1.4) days | Mean 8.8 (SD 1.5) days | Left/right 8/2 | Left/right 2/6 |
| Richards 2004 | Mean 62.9 (SD 12) years | Mean 60.7 (SD 12) years | Male/female 22/10 | Male/female 21/10 | Mean 52.0 (SD 22) months | Mean 52.6 (SD 18) months | Left/right 15/17 | Left/right 20/11 |
| Scheidtmann 1999 | Mean 57.7 (SD 11.0) years (all participants) | Male/female 16/14 | Mean 52.2 (SD 29.6) days | Left/right 17/13 | ||||
| Smith 2008 | Mean 57.8 (SD 7.0) years | Mean 56.0 (SD 8.3) years | Male/female 8/2 | Male/female 4/6 | < 1 year: 8 > 1 < 2 years: 2 | < 1 year: 8 > 1< 2 years: 2 | Left/right 4/16 | |
| Sullivan 2007 | Mean 60.0 (SD 13.3) years | Mean 63.4 (SD 8.4) years | Male/female 34/26 | Male/female 11/9 | Mean 23.8 (SD 15.2) months | Mean 28.4 (SD 19.0) months | Left/right 28/32 | Left/right 10/10 |
| Suputtitada 2004 | Mean 61.1 (SD 10.2) years | Mean 64.9 (SD 10.7) years | Male/female 20/4 | Male/female 15/9 | Mean 27.3 (SD 26.6) months | Mean 21.6 (SD 27.7) months | Left/right 9/15 | Left/right 8/16 |
| Takami 2010 | Mean 68.6 (SD 8.9) years | Mean 66.9 (SD 10.6) years | Male/female 15/9 | Male/female 7/7 | Mean 14.0 (SD 8.1) days | Mean 13.7 (SD 8.9) days | Left/right 12/12 | Left/right 4/10 |
| Toledano‐Zarhi 2011 | Mean 65 (SD 10) years | Mean 65 (SD 12) years | Male/female 11/3 | Male/female 10/4 | Mean 11 (SD 5) days | Mean 11 (SD 4) days | Not described | Not described |
| Visintin 1998 | Mean 66.5 (SD 12.8) years (all participants) | Mean 66.7 (SD 10.1) years | Male/female 31/19 | Male/female 28/22 | Mean 68.1 (SD 26.5) days | Mean 78.4 (SD 30.0) days | Left/right 30/20 | Left/right 21/29 |
| Weng 2004 | 55.2 (15.4) years | 54.6 (15.2) years | Male/female 17/6 | Male/female 17/5 | Mean 36.1 (SD 11.3) days | Mean 35.6 (SD 14.5) days | Left/right 10/13 | Left/right 8/14 |
| Weng 2006 | 51 (12) years | 50 (14) years | Male/female 8/5 | Male/female 9/4 | Mean 62 (SD 24) days | Mean 63 (SD 34) days | Left/right 6/7 | Left/right 7/6 |
| Werner 2002a | Mean 59.7 (SD 10.2) years (all participants) | Mean 60.3 (SD 8.6) years (all participants) | Male/female 8/7 | Male/female 5/10 | Mean 7.4 (SD 2.0) weeks | Mean 6.9 (SD 2.1) weeks | Left/right 7/8 | Left/right 7/8 |
| Yang 2010 | Mean 57.2 (SD 9.3) years | Mean 55.0 (SD 10.1) years | Male/female 5/5 | Male/female 5/3 | Mean 1.2 (SD 1.1) years | Mean 1.6 (SD 1.5) years | Left/right 5/5 | Left/right 4/4 |
| Yen 2008 | Mean 57.3 (SD 16.4) years | Mean 56.1 (SD 12.7) years | Male/female 3/4 | Male/female 6/1 | Mean 2.0 (SD 0.6) months | Mean 2.0 (SD 2.4) months | Left/right 5/2 | Left/right 3/4 |
| Zhang 2008 | 63.3 (13.4) years | 62.8 (15.4) years | Male/female 12/7 | Male/female 13/7 | 68.7 (25.6) days | 66.3 (23.3) days | Left/right 7/12 | Left/right 8/12 |
| Zhu 2004 | 56.9 (12.9) years | 57.8 (12.16) years | Male/female 6/4 | Male/female 7/3 | Mean 4.1 (SD 4.8) months | Mean 3.1 (SD 4.2) months | Not stated by the authors | Not stated by the authors |
CTL: control EXP: experimental SD: standard deviation SEM: standard error of the mean