TABLE 2.

Adjusted^* Risks for Epilepsy Among Children With Hydrocephalus

	Epilepsy (n = 86); n (%)	No Epilepsy (n = 293); (n%)	RR (95% CI)
Subtype†
Spina bifida	5 (7.8)	72 (34.1)	1 (ref)
IVH	28 (43.8)	72 (34.1)	4.20 (1.74–10.14)
Aqueductal obstruction	20 (31.3)	40 (19.0)	4.94 (2.01–12.17)
Cysts and celes	11 (17.2)	27 (12.8)	4.59 (1.77–11.88)
Surgical factors‡
Any hydrocephalus-related surgery§	78 (91.8)	215 (73.4)	2.76 (1.32–5.75)
History of any surgical failure‖	45 (67.2)	105 (50.0)	1.56 (1.01–2.55)
Intracranial failure‖,¶	43 (65.2)	90 (44.6)	1.71 (1.08–2.68)
Extracranial failure‖,#	11 (13.8)	22 (7.8)	1.11 (0.66–1.88)
History of surgical infection‖,**	18 (24.0)	17 (8.0)	2.02 (1.37–2.97)

Abbreviations:

CI = confidence interval

IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage

RR = risk ratio

^*Adjusted for age at most recent follow-up.

^†Limited to four most common subtypes.

^‡Before onset of epilepsy or more recent follow-up, whichever came first.

^§Includes placement of VP shunt, subgaleal shunt, or temporary external ventricular drain (EVD); endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV); and cyst fenestration (EVD).

^‖Limited to children who underwent surgery.

^¶Any surgical failure requiring revision of proximal shunt or EVD catheter, or failure of ETV or cyst fenestration.

^#Any failure of shunt valve or distal catheter, or abdominal pseudocyst.

^**Includes any culture-proven or presumed infection.