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. 2013 Jul 1;2013(7):CD003586. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003586.pub3

Kalra 1997.

Methods RCT
Setting: UK
Participants 50 (see Notes) stroke patients with visual neglect admitted to a SU
 The following data are for the 47 surviving patients
 Experimental n = 24, control n = 23
 Mean age (SD): experimental 78 years (9), control 76 years (10)
 Sex (male): experimental 11, control 9
 Side of damage (RBD): experimental 16, control 17
 Median time post‐onset (range): 6 days (2 to 14)
 Inclusion: infarcts partial anterior circulation, known to be sensitive to rehabilitation on basis of impairments of power, balance, proprioception and cognition at 1 to 2 weeks after stroke
 Exclusion: TIAs, reversible neurological deficits, hemianopsia or severe dysphasia
Interventions Spatio‐motor cueing based on 'attentional‐motor integration' model and early emphasis on restoration of function versus conventional therapy input concentrating on restoration of tone, movement pattern and motor activity before addressing skilled functional activity
 For analysis of bottom‐up and top‐down rehabilitation approaches this review coded the experimental condition as bottom‐up
Outcomes The study collected 6 types of outcomes:
  1. mortality

  2. BI at discharge

  3. discharge destination

  4. length of hospital stay

  5. duration of therapy input

  6. RPAB after 12 weeks


This review used only the BI, RPAB letter cancellation subtest, and discharge home. These were all analysed as immediate effects
Notes Principle behind approach: movements of affected limb in the deficit hemispace led to summation of activation of affected receptive fields of 2 distinct but linked spatial systems for personal and extrapersonal space resulting in improvements in attention skills and appreciation of spatial relationships on the affected side. Personal communication supplied further data and clarification of method
 No difference between groups on demographic variables or initial impairment or disability including BI
 Outcome data on 47 of 50 stroke patients with visual neglect admitted to a SU: experimental n = 24 (+ 1 died), control n = 23 (+ 2 died). For the 'destination discharge' outcome the total figure of 50 was used in this review as deaths were entered as not going home
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Low risk External randomisation, using random permuted block technique in groups of 10, allocated by telephone by clerical staff using computer‐generated random numbers
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk Blinded outcome assessor
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk 3 lost to follow‐up, 1 intervention and 2 control. All died so low risk of bias
Free of systematic differences in baseline characteristics of groups compared? Low risk Groups compared on main characteristics and very similar
Did authors adjust for baseline differences in their analyses? Low risk Not needed