| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Ahmed 2004 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates; but cannot separate outcomes for 60 to 64 years from 18 to 64 years; E‐mail from Dr. Faruque Ahmed 3 April 2013: "We generated a random number for each employer using the RANUNI function in SAS. We randomised to the study arms based on the random number using defined cut‐offs. I am not sure whether we still have the data." |
| Alemi 1996 | Not RCT; children |
| Alexy 1998 | Not RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rate and influenza vaccination rate outcomes; prospective cohort without control group (and those who participated through either the mobile health unit or a home visit received the same level of intervention and thus no comparison could be made for different levels of intervention) |
| Allsup 2004 | RCT. However, focus was invitation from practices to participate in a RCT. Once invitees agreed to participate they were randomised to receive either influenza vaccination or placebo, but there was no control group which did not receive an invitation to participate. The primary focus of analysis was occurrence of GP assessed pneumonia or ILI |
| Anderson 1979 | Not RCT; survey of sub‐sample asked about swine flu |
| Anon 2003 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or time series). Article is a note about policy change by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid to remove requirement for physician signature on orders for influenza vaccination |
| Armstrong 1999 | Not RCT; 8596 community‐dwelling residents who received care at University of Pennsylvania primary care site; reminder postcard to receive influenza vaccination mailed to random sample of 5000; brochure mailed to 390 of remaining 3596; no control; no baseline data; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Arthur 2001 | Not RCT; offer of health assessment, but no control group |
| Bakare 2007 | Not RCT; retrospective survey of physician‐ and nurse‐initiated influenza vaccination in acute care hospital |
| Balalagué 1993 | Not RCT; survey of vaccination rates |
| Baldo 1999 | RCT; vaccination outcomes, focus on side effects; no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Bardenheier 2005 | Not RCT; survey of interventions in 14 US states used to increase influenza vaccination rates |
| Bardenheier 2010 | Survey of vaccination policies and influenza vaccination rates |
| Bardenheier 2011 | Survey of vaccination policies and influenza vaccination rates |
| Barker 1999 | Not RCT; cohort comparing Monroe Country and Onondaga County NY; no data on comparability of cohorts; Bennett 1994 and Kouides 1993 also describe this non‐RCT |
| Barton 1990 | Not RCT; an intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates was used. For HMO in Boston 1983‐4 = baseline rates as historical control; 1984 postcard reminders for high‐risk individuals < 65; 1985 chart reminders for > 65 plus feedback to service chiefs; 1986 chart reminders plus feedback to service chiefs plus feedback to physicians plus lists of unimmunised patients; excluded as historical controls; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Beardsworth 2004 | Not RCT; coalition helped family physicians purchase influenza vaccine, educational pamphlets and provided a hotline; no control group |
| Becker 1989 | Not RCT; 40 to 60 years of age; preventive care reminders |
| Bekker 2003 | Not RCT; survey of attitudes of those ≥ 65 to influenza vaccination |
| Belcher 1990 | RCT; interventions to increase influenza rates: comparing education and feedback to physicians, patient education and a health promotion clinic; no baseline influenza vaccination rates; data for those ≥ 60 not separately available. We e‐mailed the author for data for ≥ 60, but received no response |
| Bennett 1994 | Not RCT; no control group; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: community‐wide demonstration project in Monroe County, New York, to enrol all Medicare B enrollees ≥ 65 to increase influenza vaccination rates |
| Berg 2004 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: informational sheet; publication does not state baseline data or data for those < 60 and ≥ 60 separately. We e‐mailed the trial authors for data but received no reply |
| Berg 2005 | Matched patients randomly assigned from geographic regions; 78% of patients < 65 |
| Birchmeier 2002 | Not RCT; cohort; no control; residents offered influenza vaccination to patients in clinic |
| Bloom 1988 | Not RCT (no control group); patients ≥ 65; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates |
| Bloom 1999 | Not RCT; for patients ≥ 65 a fax was sent to family physician requesting they administer influenza and pneumococcal vaccines |
| Bond 2011 | RCT; cannot identify outcomes for those ≥ 65 |
| Bou‐Mias 2006 | Not RCT; individuals 60 to 64 in urban health centre in Spain; non‐random allocation to receive phone call about influenza vaccination or no call; no baseline rates for year before intervention |
| Bovier 2001 | Not RCT; survey of attitudes of ≥ 65 to influenza vaccination |
| Brady 1988 | RCT; cannot separate results for < 60 and ≥ 60 |
| Breen 2003 | Not RCT; pneumococcal vaccination campaign |
| Brimberry 1988 | RCT; article states no baseline influenza vaccination rates available; vaccination rates not separately available for those > 60 |
| Browngoehl 1997 | Not RCT, retrospective cohort; children |
| Buchner 1987 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination; ≥ 65 years; but self report of influenza vaccination by questionnaire |
| Burns 2005 | Survey of attitudes to vaccination |
| Call 2005 | No intervention to increase influenza vaccination; article describes the clinical diagnosis of ILI |
| Cardozo 1998 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or time series). Article is a retrospective chart review |
| Carey 1991 | Not RCT; audit of 13 preventive manoeuvres including influenza vaccination |
| Carman 2000 | RCT; but no intervention to increase vaccination in elderly (one group of long‐term care hospitals had an "opt in" policy for influenza vaccination and another group an "opt out" policy; focus was on vaccinating healthcare workers |
| Carter 1986 | RCT; design of brochure to promote influenza vaccination; unable to contact author for more baseline and outcome numbers and %s for those ≥ 60; self report of influenza vaccination |
| Chami 2012 | RCT in nursing homes to use hygienic measures to reduce infections; no influenza vaccine intervention |
| Chan 1999 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Article is a survey of influenza vaccination rates of female Medicare beneficiaries |
| Charles 1994 | Not RCT; patients at Sunnybrook Health Science Centre Family Practice Unit, Toronto; 4 physician teams divided into 2 groups and "patients of two of the four teams were designated as subjects and patients of the remaining two were designated as controls," then "simple random selection of patients from the roster of each team physician to participate in the study." (Patients ≥ 65) |
| Chen 2007 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Article is a telephone survey of attitudes to influenza vaccination |
| Cheney 1987 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: internal medicine residents were randomised to receive preventive care checklists; no baseline pre‐intervention influenza vaccination rates; no numbers for outcomes, only graphical presentation on small graphs so cannot assess numbers. We e‐mailed authors for numbers for outcomes but did not receive a reply |
| Chi 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Article is a telephone survey of factors influencing influenza vaccination |
| Chodroff 1990 | Not RCT; 1986 historical controls; 1986 to 1990 residents given preventive care checklists |
| Christenson 2001 | Not RCT; no control group; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: all individuals in Stockholm county ≥ 65 (n = 259,627) invited to participate in influenza plus pneumococcal vaccination campaign; 100,242 received vaccine; focus on effectiveness of vaccination in reducing hospitalisation and pneumonia |
| Clancy 2003 | RCT; publication does not provide separate data for those < 60 and ≥ 60, or baseline influenza vaccination data for year prior to intervention; unable to locate author |
| Cohen 1982 | RCT; no baseline data for influenza vaccination rates; influenza rates for patients > 60 not separately available |
| Cohen 2004 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or time series). Article is an observational study of how physicians offer vaccination during consultations |
| Colombo 2005 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or time series). Article is an economic analysis of vaccination strategies |
| Correa‐de‐Araujo 2006 | Secondary analysis of differences in immunization rates by ethnic group in Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Costa Tadeo 1994 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or time series). Article is a prospective cross‐over without control; results for ≥ 60 not available |
| Cowan 1992 | RCT; 16 residents in intervention, 13 in control group; no data that residents or patients groups similar; retrospective chart review of 107 charts (62 intervention, 45 control), also random sample of charts seen by first year residents (different residents from current sample) previous year |
| Cowan 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Article is about attitudes to vaccination among healthcare workers |
| Crawford 2005 | Not RCT; patients in a Managed Care Organization (MCO) in "the eastern United States;" For breast cancer screening, cervical cancer screening or influenza vaccination (≥ 65 years) interactive voice reminders were sent; no control group; no data on secular trends; baseline data for year before intervention available |
| Crawford 2011 | No intervention; survey of patient characteristics of those ≥ 65 accepting influenza vaccination |
| Crouse 1994 | Not RCT; 6 community hospitals in N. Minnesota assessed 3 strategies to increase influenza vaccination rates: standing orders, physician chart reminders, physician education; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Curry 2006 | Survey of factors associated with influenza vaccination; no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Daniels 2007 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: onsite adult vaccination in churches; abstract states patients ≥ 65, but Table 1 states mean age is 65 with SD = + or ‐ 14, so clearly includes patients younger than 60 |
| Dannetun 2003 | Survey of reasons for not being vaccinated by seniors in Linköping, Sweden; no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Davidse 1995 | Not RCT; GPs selected patients in Brabant for vaccination; cannot separate ≥ 60, no publication by this author since 1995 in MEDLINE to obtain e‐mail address |
| Davidson 1984 | Not RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: university‐based internal medicine practice in N. Carolina; 50% sample selected 1 July 1979 to 30 June 1980 to receive nurse reminder for influenza vaccination, then another 50% sample selected 1 January to 31 December 1981; 50% not selected in each period served as controls; not stated what overlap occurred between intervention groups in the 2 periods, or controls in 2 periods; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Davis 2005 | Focus groups with physicians about barriers to influenza vaccination |
| De Wals 1989 | Not RCT; intervention to increase vaccination rates: patients of GPs in Braine‐le‐Château, Belgium; 1984 baseline; 1985 information campaign by GPs; 1986 information campaign by posters, newspaper editorials and lectures for retired individuals; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| De Wals 1996 | Not RCT; survey of influenza vaccination rates in long‐term care facilities in Québec |
| Denis 1996 | Not RCT; intervention in Charleroi, Belgium, to increase influenza vaccination rates in those ≥ 65 |
| Desbiens 2005 | Not RCT; observational study of All‐Inclusive Care for the Elderly programme in Chattanooga, Tennessee. No control group |
| Dexter 2001 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates in hospitalised patients; cannot separate those ≥ 60 |
| Dickey 1990 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or time series). Survey of US family physicians about interest in using patient‐held health passport preventive care checklist |
| Dickey 1992 | Not RCT. Health Passport preventive care checklists used for preventive services in university family medicine clinic, but key table listing preventive services is omitted from article |
| Dickey 1993 | Literature review of paediatric and adult patient‐held preventive healthcare cards |
| Dini 1996 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates and not appropriate age group. (Audit of childhood vaccinations in Georgia, USA) |
| Donato 2007 | Not RCT; intervention to increase vaccination rates: 650‐bed community hospital in Pennsylvania; 2002 nurses screened patients for influenza vaccination, put reminder stickers on front of chart and orders in chart for physician to sign; 2003 nurses screened patients and standing order for influenza vaccination before discharge; 2004 same as 2003 plus Grand Rounds and nursing education sessions on each unit; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Douglas 1990 | Not RCT; no intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates. Retrospective audit in Kansas City family medicine residency programme clinics |
| Earle 2003 | Not RCT; survey of patients with colorectal cancer in SEER (US National Cancer Institute Survival, Epidemiology, and End Results) programme and factors associated with vaccination; average age 79; no baseline data for year before case‐control study; no control |
| Egido Polo 1989 | Data for those ≥ 60 not available; e‐mail for author not available |
| Etkind 1996 | Not RCT; in Essex county, Massachusetts, letters sent to all health care providers, press releases, newspaper articles, radio and TV announcements, lectures at senior centres, influenza vaccination clinic schedules sent to all community and elder organizations, Grand Rounds at each Essex County hospital; in Worcester county "usual care"; excluded as not RCT, geographical areas may not be comparable |
| Evans 2003 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Survey of reasons for not being vaccinated against influenza |
| Fairbrother 1999 | Not target age group (childhood vaccinations) |
| Fedson 1989 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates (guidelines for influenza vaccination in institutional settings) |
| Fedson 1994 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates (article presenting guidelines for prevention and control of influenza in hospitals and hospital staff) |
| Fedson 1996 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates (review of effectiveness of influenza vaccine) |
| Fernández Silvela 1994 | Not RCT; cohort; no control group; no baseline data |
| Ferrante 2010 | Cross‐sectional data from RCT on colon cancer screening; 23% received influenza vaccination, but no report of comparison to control group |
| Fiebach 1991 | Survey of reasons for accepting or refusing influenza vaccination |
| Fishbein 2006a | Observational study of missed opportunities for influenza vaccination |
| Fishbein 2006b | Cohort; average age 46‐8; cannot separate outcomes for those > 65; no reply to e‐mail to author |
| Fisher 2003 | Cross‐sectional analysis of spending patterns in Medicare regions and influenza vaccination rates; no intervention to increase vaccination rates in elderly |
| Fitzner 2001 | Theoretical model of cost‐effectiveness of influenza vaccination in Hong Kong |
| Fitzpatrick 2004 | Not RCT; retrospective case‐control; no intervention to increase vaccination rates in elderly |
| Flach 2004 | Secondary analysis of survey of relationship of patient‐centred care and vaccination rates in Veterans Administration Hospitals |
| Fontanesi 2004 | Analysis of workflow observations of care of patients ≥ 50 in convenience sample of 16 ambulatory care settings in San Diego (California) and Rochester (New York); development of model of 7 critical organisational, temporal and clinical activities that predicted 93% of influenza immunisations |
| Fowles 1998 | Not RCT; survey of influenza vaccination rates in seniors in HMO in Minneapolis‐St. Paul comparing staff, multispecialty or primary care practices |
| Frame 1994 | RCT; 10 preventive items; no influenza vaccination data |
| Francisco 2006 | Survey of reasons for not receiving influenza vaccination among those ≥ 60 in São Paulo, Brazil |
| Frank 1985 | Not RCT; cohort, no control; reminder letters and phone calls for influenza vaccination |
| Frick 2004 | Analysis of changes in influenza vaccination rates by race in US among disabled seniors |
| Furey 2001 | Not RCT; feedback to GPs on influenza vaccination rates in ≥ 75 in Merton Sutton and Wandsworth Health Authority, UK |
| Galasso 1977 | Review of clinical trials of influenza vaccination 1976 |
| Ganguly 1989 | Survey of reasons for acceptance/refusal of vaccination |
| Ganguly 1995 | Survey of vaccination status of veterans in a nursing home |
| Gannon 2012 | Not RCT, cohort study or time series; no control; team intervention to improve multiple vaccination rates; no data on secular trends |
| Garrett 2005 | Not RCT; pre‐post cohort; study of employed workers, i.e. < 65; ages not stated |
| Gauthey 1999 | Survey of influenza vaccination rates and motivations for receiving influenza vaccine among those > 65 in the State of Geneva |
| Gelfman 1986 | Before and after one group study; no control group; physicians were not prompted to offer influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations to high‐risk patients at the beginning of the influenza season, then were prompted later in the influenza season by reminders placed on charts at the Medical College of Virginia |
| Gerace 1988 | Not RCT; cohort, no control; comparison of letter in 1985 and phone call in 1986 |
| Giles 2003 | Summary of articles by Arthur 2002 and Hull 2002 |
| Gill 2000 | Not RCT; Christiana Care Foulk Road Family Medicine Center, Delaware; 1997 baseline rates; 1998 reminder to nurse and physician during visit; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Gill 2005 | Not RCT; retrospective cohort; impact of "Providing a Medical Home to the Uninsured" in Delaware, US; cannot separately identify those ≥ 60 |
| Goebel 2005 | Not RCT; retrospective chart review of physicians who used standing orders and those who did not |
| Grabenstein 1990 | Survey of vaccination status at Walter Reed Army Hospital |
| Grabenstein 1992 | Cost‐effectiveness model of pharmacists advocating and providing influenza vaccine |
| Grabenstein 2001 | No RCT; survey of influenza vaccination in Washington State (where pharmacists can give influenza vaccinations) and Oregon (where they cannot) |
| Granolllers 1993 | Not RCT; not ≥ 60; nursing staff preventive care interventions |
| Green 2003 | Survey of the relationship of functional status, depression and treatment for psychiatric problems, to rates of influenza vaccination in those ≥ 65 In the Kaiser Permanente Northeast HMO |
| Greene 2001 | Survey of uptake of preventive care |
| Groll 2006 | Not RCT; study of Universal Influenza Campaign in Ontario; data for those ≥ 60 not separately available |
| Gutiérrez 2005 | Economic evaluation of influenza vaccination for those ≥ 65 in Mexico |
| Gutschi 1998 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza rates; no vaccination rates for year before intervention; cannot separate rates for those ≥ 60 |
| Hahn 1990 | Not RCT; use of a health maintenance protocol in a family practice clinic; no influenza intervention or outcomes |
| Halliday 2003 | Survey of 19 residential care facilities in Australian Capital Territory on staff vaccination |
| Hanna 2001 | Not RCT; survey of pneumococcal and influenza vaccine rates in Indigenous population in New Zealand, and monitoring after local physicians encouraged to offer vaccination; no control group; no information on secular trends; cannot separate outcomes for those ≥ 60 |
| Hannah 2005 | Not RCT, CCT, cohort or time series; description of intervention programme in W. Virginia; no patient outcome data |
| Harari 2008 | RCT; influenza vaccination only recorded for year before study (Table 3) |
| Harbarth 1998 | Not RCT, cohort or time series (concurrent comparison group) |
| Harris 1990 | Retrospective chart review; N. Carolina Memorial Hospital Department of Medicine Polyclinic Practice; time series: 1979 to 1980 no prompts; 1981 nursing prompt; 1984 computer prompt; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population; cannot assess n's in target groups from Figure 2 |
| Harris 2006 | Not RCT; 249 patients with COPD recently discharged from hospital in Adelaide, Australia, for COPD intervention group (received Manual of Cochrane Collaboration systematic review summaries related to COPD) and control groups allocated to separate geographical areas; author sent PhD and we were able to verify it was not a RCT |
| Hedlund 2003 | Not RCT; study of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination campaign for individuals ≥ 65 in Stockholm County, Sweden, 1998; no control group; baseline data for year before intervention not available |
| Henk 1975 | Not RCT; cohort, no control; age lists used to identify patients for influenza vaccination |
| Hermiz 2002 | RCT; no intervention to increase influenza vaccination; no statement whether vaccinated patients had received vaccination before or after intervention |
| Hirdes 2006 | Survey of predictors of vaccination in Ontario nursing homes |
| Hoey 1982 | Not RCT; intervention to increase vaccination rates: nurses offered influenza vaccination to half patients seen in morning clinics, and patients were vaccinated by physicians in afternoon clinics; patients ≥ 60 cannot be identified |
| Honkanen 1996 | Survey of knowledge about influenza vaccination |
| Honkanen 1997 | Not RCT; for 3 administrative areas in Finland; Admin Area A: risk disease based influenza vaccination programme; admin area B: age‐based vaccination programme offered Autumn 1993 and 1994; admin area C: age‐based vaccination programme offered 1992 to 1994; areas not necessarily identical |
| Honkanen 2006 | Not RCT; northern Finland; 14 municipalities risk of disease‐based intervention x 2 years; 29 municipalities: age‐based intervention x 2 years. 12 municipalities cross‐over from disease‐based intervention in 1992 to age‐based intervention in 1993; excluded as not RCT; geographical areas may not be comparable |
| Humair 2002 | Not RCT; primary care clinic of Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital; 1995 baseline; 1996 leaflets and posters at reception desk and waiting areas, walk‐in immunisation clinic, 1.5‐hour training workshop on influenza for physicians, computer reports q 2 weeks to residents on vaccination performance compared to other residents; reminder stickers for records of high‐risk patients; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Hutchinson 1995 | Not RCT; survey of influenza vaccination in clinic patients |
| Hutchison 1991 | Not RCT; historical control 1982 to 1983; reminder letter 1987 to 1988 |
| Hutt 2010 | Quasi‐experimental mixed methods; cohort (8 nursing homes in Denver; no data on comparability of 8 non‐intervention nursing homes in Missouri and Kansas); survey of implementation of guidelines on nursing home‐acquired pneumonia and hospitalisation; data on influenza vaccination rates 2004 to 2007 |
| Jacobs 2001 | Not RCT; retrospective chart review of use and non‐use of interpreters for clinical and preventive services |
| Jain 1998 | Survey; no intervention to increase influenza vaccination |
| Jans 2000 | Cohort of 14 medical practices with 16 physicians implementing 8 guidelines for care of COPD and asthma, compared to 5 control practices with 5 physicians "located in the same region" (non‐comparable intervention and control groups: practices differed P value = 0.04 in "troublesome symptoms" and P value < 0.01 in type of disease (COPD versus asthma)) |
| Jefferson 1996 | Economic evaluation of influenza vaccination |
| Jiménez‐Garcia 2007 | Survey of influenza vaccination rates of COPD patients in Catalonia |
| Jin 2003 | Secondary analysis of Alberta administrative data for influenza vaccination rates for those ≥ 65 |
| Johnson 2005 | C‐RCT; no outcome data for influenza |
| Kassam 2001 | C‐RCT; cannot separate outcomes for influenza vaccination from pneumococcal vaccination |
| Kelly 1988 | Not RCT; children |
| Kemper 1993 | RCT; children |
| Kendal 1985 | Survey of vaccination rates in nursing homes in the USA |
| Kennedy 1994 | Not RCT; tracking system for paediatric vaccinations in a Medicaid managed care organisation |
| Kern 1990 | Not RCT; preventive care audit by faculty of charts of patients seen by internal medicine residents; influenza vaccine outcomes not separately available for those ≥ 65 |
| Klachko 1989 | Not RCT; survey of influenza vaccination rates in diabetic clinic; data not available separately for those > 60 |
| Knoell 1991 | Not RCT; General Internal Medicine Group Practices at University of California at San Francisco; 1987 to 1988 baseline; 1989 pharmacist presented 3 in‐services to nursing staff about influenza vaccination, patients > 65 received information sheet in clinic, campaign to provide vaccination with or without a visit; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Korn 1988 | Not RCT; preventive medicine checklist placed on charts, including influenza for those ≥ 65; faculty audit of charts of 15 internal medicine residents exposed to intervention and 13 who had not been; no assessment if residents similar; no data on secular trends in practice |
| Kosiak 2006 | Secondary analysis of influenza vaccination rates for those ≥ 65 in 2004 National Healthcare Quality Report and National Healthcare Disparities Report |
| Kunze 1998 | Editorial; no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Kwong 2006 | Secondary analysis of influenza vaccination rates in 1996 to 1997 National Population Health Survey of Canada and Population Health Survey of Canada 2000 to 2001 and 2003, including those ≥ 65 |
| Kyaw 2002 | Survey of influenza vaccination rates and vaccination policies in 53 general practices in Scotland 1993 to 1999 |
| Landis 1995 | Not RCT; vaccine manager to increase use of 4 vaccines; no data on influenza vaccination |
| Landon 2004 | Secondary analysis of Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services data on influenza vaccination rates for ≥ 65 |
| Larson 1979 | Not RCT; reminder letter to those ≥ 65 and high‐risk patients University of Washington family medicine centre; cannot separate outcomes for those ≥ 65 from high‐risk patients |
| Larson 1982 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: postcard reminders; correspondence from author was neither able to provide precise baseline influenza vaccination rates before intervention (Dr Larson estimated them from a survey with a 75% response rate at 50%), nor provide data separately for those ≥ 60; self report of vaccination |
| Lau 2006 | Telephone survey of influenza vaccination rates among residents of Hong Kong ≥ 65 |
| Lawson 2000 | Not RCT; standing orders for influenza vaccination; no control group (community rate used as control rate, no details on characteristics of community group) |
| Lazorik 2001 | Not RCT; no intervention to increase vaccination rates; article summarising preventive care options |
| LeBaron 1997 | Not RCT; annual measurement and feedback programme; children |
| Lees 2005 | Secondary analysis of 2000 US National Health Interview on influenza vaccination rates |
| Leirer 1989 | Not RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: 321 older people who attended community supported lunch program at a senior citizen centre (location not stated, authors' professional address is Stanford, California); 64 individuals ≥ 65 "randomly selected" from those who attended ≥ 1 per week; and 257 "randomly selected" from those attending less frequently; (however 64 + 257 = 321, leaving no degrees of freedom so the second sample could not have been randomly selected); frequency of attendance does not control for potential confounders; no baseline data |
| Leirer 1991 | Not RCT; no influenza outcomes, n = only 16 |
| Levy 1996 | French economic evaluations of influenza vaccination |
| Lieberman 2003 | Not RCT; no intervention to increase vaccination rates. Discussion article about managing respiratory infections |
| Lindley 2006 | Telephone survey of Medicare beneficiaries about vaccination rates |
| Loeser 1983 | Not RCT; report of computerised vaccination register for children in Montréal; no influenza outcomes |
| Lu 2005 | Secondary analysis of 1989 to 2002 US National Health Interview Surveys for influenza vaccination rates in those ≥ 65, and factors predicting vaccination |
| Lynd 2005 | Article about antivirals for influenza |
| Macdonald 1985 | Not RCT; mass campaign; children |
| Maciosek 2006 | Literature review of cost‐effectiveness of influenza vaccination |
| Madlon‐Kay 1987 | Not RCT; audit of 8 preventive care items but influenza not audited as seasonal administration |
| Mair 1974 | RCT with outcomes of antigenicity and reactogenicity. No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Malmvall 2007 | Not RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: inhabitants ≥ 65 in Jönköping county, Sweden; 1999 to 2001 baseline; 90% of GPs informed of vaccination campaign 2002; education meetings encouraging senior practice nurses to vaccinate seniors each year 2002 to 2005; excluded as cannot assess secular trend in rest of population |
| Mandel 1985 | Not RCT; audit of 9 preventive care items but influenza not included |
| Mangione 2006 | Not RCT; secondary analysis of influenza vaccination status of random sample of 8661 patients with diabetes in 7 US health plans 2000 to 2001, and description of physician reminders, performance feedback and structured care management |
| Mangtani 2006 | Survey of attitudes to influenza vaccination of 844 community dwelling individuals ≥ 75 in the UK 2004 Medical Research Council Trial of Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community |
| Margolis 1988 | Not RCT; Veterans Affairs clinic in Minneapolis with patients in 3 sub‐specialty clinics as historical controls |
| Margolis 1992 | Not RCT; informational mailing to patients; standing vaccination orders; vaccination reminders on daily patient lists; walk‐in vaccination visits; no n's from control clinic; comparator is 2 clinics "similar location" |
| Marra 2011 | Random allocation of 12 communities in British Columbia to an intervention for pharmacists to offer influenza vaccination and 13 control communities; no data on vaccination rates in control communities |
| Marsteller 2006 | Secondary analysis of the Canadian 1999 National Nursing Home Survey of the influenza vaccination status of a random sample of 73,350 individuals ≥ 65 in 1423 nursing facilities |
| Martinen 2004 | Not RCT; cohort; no control; managing congestive heart failure in long‐term care |
| Mayo 2004 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Study of perceived barriers for hospital patients to receiving influenza vaccination |
| McArthur 1999 | Survey of factors affecting vaccination rates in all 1520 Canadian long‐term care facilities in 1991 |
| McDonald 1984 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: residents randomly allocated to receive computer analyses of patient charts with care reminders including CDC recommendations for influenza vaccination; influenza outcomes; no pre‐intervention baseline data |
| McDonald 1992 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates: computer‐generated influenza vaccination reminders; publication does not provide separate data for those < 60 and ≥ 60, or baseline influenza vaccination data for year prior to intervention; unable to locate author |
| McKinney 1989 | Not RCT; survey of factors related to physician ordering of influenza vaccination in the Primary Care Clinic at Milwaukee County Medical Complex |
| McLeod 2001 | Analysis of influenza outbreaks in seniors' lodges in Calgary 1997 to 2000 |
| Merkel 1994 | Not RCT; cohort; reminder data sheet; influenza vaccination baseline data available for only 75% of cohort; no control |
| Milman 2005 | Not RCT, no control group; effect of patient care team on influenza decisions |
| Mody 2005 | Not RCT; survey of infection control practices in nursing homes in south‐east Michigan |
| Morrow 1995 | Not RCT; audit of 3 preventive items; no influenza data |
| Mosesso 2003 | Not RCT; prospective observational cohort study of influenza vaccination by emergency services in Pittsburgh |
| Mukamel 2001 | Not RCT, no control group, no influenza outcome data |
| Mulet Pons 1995 | Telephone survey of influenza vaccination status of those ≥ 65 in a health centre in Alicante, Spain, and reasons for refusing vaccination |
| Murphy 1996 | Not RCT; intervention to increase childhood 0 to 5 vaccination rates in an inner city Dublin family practice using postcard reminders and an improved vaccination record system |
| Métrailler 2003 | Not RCT; no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Müller 2005 | Not RCT, no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Nakatani 2002 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Ndiaye 2005 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates. In this review, none of the results are presented for people aged 60 years or older ‐ summary just shows "high risk" and occasionally results for those less than 65 years |
| Nichol 1990 | Cohort design. However, self reported vaccination status without validation |
| Nichol 1992 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Nichol 1998 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). Too few data points to qualify as time series). Had multicomponent interventions (over time) to increase vaccination rates for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in the patient population of the Minneapolis Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center; self report of vaccination |
| Nichol 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Nicoleau 2001 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort or time series); interviews with patients about vaccination intentions |
| Nowalk 2004a | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Nowalk 2004b | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Nowalk 2004c | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort or time series); no control group; outcome is office and patient factors associated with vaccination |
| Nowalk 2008 | Not RCT; "Two of the intervention sites were faith based, one was a federally qualified health center (FQHC), and one was a FQHC look‐alike; two intervention sites were University of Pittsburgh family medicine residency practices"; data for those ≥ 60 not separately identifiable |
| O'Connor 1996 | RCT. Not target age group |
| O'Connor 1998 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). Also unable to extract vaccination data for target age group |
| O'Malley 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| O'Reilly 2002 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Ohmit 1995 | Not appropriate study design. 4 counties in south‐central and southwestern Michigan were randomised to the intervention and 3 contiguous counties "... assigned to be the comparison area." (does not state were randomised). Cases were those > 65 hospitalised with pneumonia. 2 controls per case "... similar in age, gender and zip code, were randomly selected from current study area Medicare beneficiary files." (but had not had pneumonia, so differ from cases on a key characteristic) |
| Ompad 2006 | Not appropriate study design (literature summary of vaccination in different settings) |
| Ornstein 1991 | Not influenza vaccination |
| Overhage 1996 | Not influenza vaccination |
| Padiyara 2011 | Cohort (1 group had 1 visit to the pharmacist, other group had 2 or more visits); groups were similar in gender, age, ethnicity diabetes and hypertension rates |
| Parchman 2004 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Parry 2004 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Pasquarella 2003 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Patel 2004 | Not target age group. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Patel 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Patriarca 1985 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Payaprom 2011 | Not RCT; cannot identify outcomes for those > 65 |
| Pearson 2005 | Not appropriate study design (cohort, no control); patients presenting to an emergency department were invited to receive influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations |
| Piedra 1995 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Pleis 2002 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Ploeg 1994 | Not influenza vaccine. The study included interventions to address several health behaviours, however the focus of this article is on outcomes other than vaccination (i.e. safety changes to prevent injury) |
| Poole 2010 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Postma 2005 | Not target age group. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Prati 2012 | RCT; individuals ≥ 65; no influenza vaccination outcomes (only risk perception, efficacy and self efficacy) |
| Puig‐Barbera 1999 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Quinley 2004 | Not influenza vaccination |
| Rantz 2001 | Not influenza vaccination, no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Reichert 2001 | Not target age group. No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Resnick 2001 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Ressel 2003 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Retchin 1991 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Rimple 2006 | Not appropriate study design (Not RCT, cohort or time series); offer of vaccination to patients in an emergency department; no control group |
| Robare 2011 | RCT; however, the Brief Education and Counselling Intervention and BECI plus physical activity group outcomes were pooled and no control group |
| Rodewald 1999 | Not target age group |
| Rodriguez 1993 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Rodriguez‐Rodriguez 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Roffey 1998 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Russell 2000 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Rust 1999 | Not target age group. Not influenza vaccine |
| Ryan 1984 | Not target age group. No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Assesses impact of adverse events/side effects of prior vaccination on influenza vaccine acceptance in subsequent season among persons of all ages |
| Sambamoorthi 2005 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Sansom 2003 | Not influenza vaccination |
| Sarnoff 1998 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Schectman 1995 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates, not influenza vaccination |
| Schensul 2009 | RCT (2 buildings randomised); multi‐level intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates; average age of male participants = 57, female = 62; cannot identify results for those ≥ 60. E‐mail from Dr. Schensul 31 March 2013: "We have only baseline and endline data for our treatment and control groups and no data on vaccination rates prior to intervention baseline. With respect to randomization, our CDC funded study was a pilot that used a quasiexperimental design, with buildings matched by number of residential units and as best we could, by ethnicity. We could not apply randomization to our intervention assignment, as our pilot funding was not sufficient to allow us to randomize and work in multiple buildings, and the intervention was a "community" intervention designed to have an effect on the entire population of the intervention building." |
| Schluter 1999 | Not appropriate study design (cohort study without control); nursing homes in Colorado were surveyed for policies to provide influenza vaccination to staff, and influenza vaccination rates were measured 1995/6 and 1997/8 |
| Schmitz 1993a | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort or time series; survey of vaccination rates in nursing homes) |
| Schmitz 1993b | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort or time series; survey of vaccination rates in nursing homes) |
| Schneider 2001 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort or time series); 1996 Medicare Current Beneficiaries Survey interviewed individuals and compared vaccination status in managed care and fee‐for‐service practices |
| Schreiner 1988 | Not appropriate study design, not influenza vaccination |
| Schwartz 2006 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT or time series); cohort without control group; patients in 7 clinics offered vaccination by non‐physician staff members |
| Schwarz 2005 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Scott 1996 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Setia 1985 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Shah 2006 | Not RCT; emergency services screened adults for needed preventive interventions |
| Shahrabani 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Shank 1989 | Not appropriate study design |
| Shenson 2005 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Shenson 2007 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Shenson 2011 | Not RCT; survey of screening received by those ≥ 65 |
| Shugarman 2006 | Retrospective cross‐sectional study; nursing homes; outcome = ILI |
| Siebers1985 | Not influenza vaccination |
| Simor 2002 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Siriwardena 2003a | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, time series); audit and anonymised feedback but no control group and no data on vaccination trends in Lincolnshire in non‐participating practices |
| Slobodkin 1998 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Soljak 1987 | Not target age group |
| Stancliff 2000 | Not appropriate study design; not appropriate age group; syringe exchange programme |
| Stehr‐Green 1993 | Not target age group |
| Stenqvist 2006 | Not appropriate study design |
| Steyer 2004 | Not RCT, cohort or time series; survey of vaccination rates in US states where pharmacists can and cannot give influenza vaccinations |
| Stott 1998 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Straits‐Troster 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Stratis Health 1997 | Not RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination: postcard sent to 38,000 households with Medicare B beneficiary in Ramsey County, Minnesota; letter to sent to 2983 households with Medicare B beneficiary in selected zip codes; as comparator Hennepin county selected as urban county with similar demographics; individuals ≥ 65 |
| Stuart 1969 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Assessed vaccine efficacy related to outbreak investigation |
| Sylvan 2003 | Not appropriate study design |
| Szilagyi 1992 | Not target age group |
| Szilagyi 2005 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Szilagyi 2006 | Not target age group |
| Szucs 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Tabbarah 2005 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Tacken 2002 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Tape 1993 | Not appropriate study design (i.e. not a RCT): this was an intervention study but allocation was not randomised. Results were presented but it was not possible to extract age‐specific results |
| Terrell‐Perica 2001 | RCT with intervention to increase vaccination rates. Excluded as not possible to extract results for persons over age 60 |
| Tierney 2005 | RCT; outcomes for those ≥ 60 cannot be separately identified |
| Tollestrup1991 | Not target age group, not influenza vaccination |
| Toscani 2003 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Traeger 2006 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT or time series); Whiteriver Services Unit in Arizona reported vaccination rates; no control group |
| Trick 2009 | Not RCT; electronic reminder intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates; average age of participants = 52; cannot identify individuals ≥ 60 |
| Tucker 1987 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Turner 1989 | Not influenza vaccination; not appropriate study design |
| Turner 1990 | RCT comparing computer prompts for physicians and computer prompts for physicians plus card prompts for their patients on performance of multiple preventive interventions including influenza vaccination. However, it is not possible to extract outcomes by age group |
| Turner 2003 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Not influenza vaccination |
| Tymchuk 1991 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Usami 2009 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates (pharmacists explained risk of influenza and benefits of vaccine); participants ≥ 65; excluded as influenza vaccination rate by self report |
| Van Amburgh 2001 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Van den Hooven 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| van Essen 1997 | Results specific to the age group of interest to this review are not presented |
| Van Hoof 2001 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| van Lieshout 2012 | Not RCT; survey of cardiovascular care |
| Wadhwa 1997 | RCT; patients ≥ 65; but 57% of those in the phone arm were not contacted either by voice or machine, so excluded as unknown large risk of bias |
| Walker 1992 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Walsh 2012 | RCT; cannot separate outcome data for those 60 and older |
| Wang 2005 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Warren 1995 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Watkinson 2004 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Weatherill 2004 | Not appropriate study design; campaign to vaccinate high risk populations in disadvantaged area in Vancouver; no control; no data on secular trends; cannot separate outcomes for those ≥ 60 |
| Weaver 2001 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS). The data for this study derive from a RCT; however, the focus of this article is a cost‐effectiveness analysis of a community‐based outreach initiative to promote pneumococcal and influenza vaccines for people aged 65 years or older. The full report of the RCT is presented in Krieger 2000 |
| Weaver 2003 | Not target age group. Although elderly persons were included, outcomes data could not be extracted by age group. The study design is best described as a cohort study |
| Wee 2001 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort or time series); chart review; no intervention |
| Wei 2007 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Whelan 2013 | Effect of request for proxy assent on recruitment to RCT of vaccination in care homes; no influenza vaccination outcome data |
| While 2005 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Wiese‐Posselt 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Wilkinson 2002 | Not target age group. This was a pilot study and patients were randomly allocated to intervention; however, it is not possible to extract outcomes by age group |
| Williams 1987 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Wilson 1989 | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Winston 2006a | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort or time series); telephone survey in 5 US states; no control group; no intervention to increase vaccination rates |
| Winston 2006b | Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort or time series); chart review after introduction of vaccination policy in 4 Michigan hospitals; no control group |
| Wood 1998 | Not target age group |
| Wortley 2005 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Wray 2009 | RCT; intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates (vaccine safety message versus vaccine information statement); no influenza vaccination outcomes; cannot separate results for ≥ 60 |
| Wright 2011 | RCT; outcome data for those 60 and older cannot be identified; no reply from e‐mail to author |
| Wuorenma 1994 | Not target age group. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Yoo 2006 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates. Not appropriate study design (not RCT, cohort, case‐control or ITS) |
| Young 1980 | Not target age group |
| Zimmerman 2003a | No intervention to increase vaccination rates; survey of self report compared to medical record of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination |
| Zimmerman 2003b | No intervention to increase vaccination rates; survey of vaccination rates |
| Zimmerman 2003c | Not appropriate study design (not RCT or time series); cohort study compared vaccination rates in 2 health centres which could choose which interventions to implement; no control; Health Centre A chose clinic posters, mailed reminders, free vaccine, community posters, staff education, chart reminders, standing orders, designated vaccination times; Health Centre B chose clinic posters, free vaccine, community posters, staff education, reminder card in chart, standing orders, any time vaccination and off‐site vaccination clinics. It was thus not possible to disentangle the effects of interventions |
| Zimmerman 2004 | No intervention to increase vaccination rates; survey of factors associated with vaccination |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CDC: Centers for Disease Control CCT: controlled clinical trial C‐RCT: cluster‐randomised controlled trial GP: general practitioner HMO: Health Maintenance Organization ILI: influenza‐like illness ITS: interrupted time series RCT: randomised controlled trial SD: standard deviation