Table 2:
Hazard ratios for diabetes in children and youth
| Characteristic | Birth to age 22 yr | Birth to age 12 yr | Age 12 to 22 yr | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95%CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95%CI) | |
| Maternal gestational diabetes | 1.88 (1.51–2.33) | 1.77 (1.41–2.22) | 1.52 (1.16–1.97) | 1.43 (1.09–1.89) | 2.89 (1.94–4.29) | 2.53 (1.67–3.85) |
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| Female sex* | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 1.23 (0.99–1.52) | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 1.74 (1.22–2.49) | 1.86 (1.28–2.70) |
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| Gestational age, wk† | ||||||
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| < 32 | 1.66 (0.89–3.13) | 1.53 (0.78–3.0) | 1.70 (1.15–2.64) | 1.29 (0.47–3.50) | 3.54 (1.56–8.05) | 2.97 (1.19–7.42) |
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| 32 to 37 | 1.39 (0.96–2.0) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 1.29 (0.48–3.46) | 1.56 (0.97–2.50) | 0.73 (0.32–1.65) | 0.42 (0.15–1.18) |
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| Birth weight category, g‡ | ||||||
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| < 3000 | 1.31 (1.02–1.67) | 1.24 (0.95–1.63) | 1.30 (0.95–1.76) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 1.30 (0.86–1.98) | 1.34 (0.85–2.11) |
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| > 4000 | 1.38 (1.01–1.88) | 1.35 (0.98–1.85) | 1.33 (0.90–1.97) | 1.33 (0.87–1.98) | 1.51 (0.91–2.53) | 1.42 (0.84–2.41) |
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| Ethnocultural background | ||||||
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| Non-European§ | 1.04¶ (0.79–1.35) | 1.08** (0.82–1.41) | 0.98 (0.71–1.37) | 1.05 (0.76–1.47) | 0.85 (0.54–1.33) | 0.80 (0.51–1.27) |
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| Deprivation level | ||||||
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| 4 least deprived quintiles†† | 1.08 (0.83–1.4) | 1.13 (0.86–1.47) | 1.23 (0.88–1.72) | 1.27 (0.90–1.79) | 0.87 (0.57–1.31) | 0.91 (0.59–1.34) |
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| Previous pregnancy | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 1.04 (0.84–1.30) | 1.0 (0.77–1.31) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 2.02 (1.42–2.87) | 1.74 (1.20–2.54) |
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| Maternal autoimmune disease | 1.22 (0.98–1.51) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 1.27 (0.97–1.67) | 1.21 (0.92–1.60) | 1.34 (0.94–1.93) | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio.
Reference group is boys.
Reference group for gestational age is 37 weeks or more.
Reference group for birth weight categories is 3000 to 4000 g.
European background is defined as birth in North America, Europe and Australia with European first language.
In univariate analyses, Indigenous origin versus European (unadjusted HR 3.42, 95% CI 1.70–6.9) and West Asian origin versus European (unadjusted HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.08–2.44) showed associations with offspring diabetes.
In multivariate analyses, Indigenous origin versus European (adjusted HR 3.49, 95% CI 1.67–7.27) and West Asian origin versus European (adjusted HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.11–2.53) also showed associations with offspring diabetes.
Four least deprived quintiles compared with most deprived quintile classified by the Institut national de santé publique material deprivation index.20