5. Audiovisual: Characteristics of excluded studies.

Study ID	Reason for exclusion
Allen 1989	Intervention
Egger 1981	Study design
Friedman 1992	Study design
Hoffman 2000	Intervention‐ interactive virtual reality
Hoffman 2001	Intervention‐ interactive virtual reality
Holden 1992	Intervention‐ patient education video
Martin 1999	Inadequate information provided (Ulrich study)
Oyama 2000	Intervention interactive
Pruyn 1998	Unclear validity of outcomes
Schneider 2003	Intervention interactive
Schneider 2004	Intervention interactive
Schofield 2000	Intervention‐ snoezelen
Singer 2000	Population, < 90% over 18 years old.
Tse 2003	Setting
Ulrich 2003	Setting
Wint 2002	Participants not adults