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| Study ID | Reason for exclusion |
| Baldwin 1985 | Not health‐related outcomes; policy changes |
| Barlas 2001 | Not health‐related outcomes; query validity |
| Elmståhl 1997 | Not a hospital setting |
| Good 1978 | Qualitative |
| Karro 2005 | Design; outcomes |
| Kim 1997 | Not health‐related outcome |
| Lomas 1987 | Outcomes |
| McKendrick 1976 | Study design |
| Pattison 1996 | Confounding staffing differences |
| Wilson 1983 | Qualitative; participants |
