Comparison 5. Music versus standard care.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Anxiety	29	1812	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.55 [‐0.74, ‐0.36]
1.1 Pre‐procedural anxiety	9	744	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.37 [‐0.62, ‐0.12]
1.2 Procedural anxiety	15	865	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.69 [‐1.02, ‐0.36]
1.3 ICU/post‐operative anxiety	5	203	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.58 [‐1.01, ‐0.15]
2 Heart rate	21	1653	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.72 [‐4.70, ‐0.74]
3 Blood pressure	20		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Systolic	18	1437	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.76 [‐5.09, 1.56]
3.2 Diastolic	17	1407	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.97 [‐2.58, 0.63]
3.3 Arterial	2	186	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐9.86 [‐12.06, ‐7.65]
4 Respiration rate	9		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
5 Sedation requirements (anxiolytics)	3		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
5.1 Midazolam (aka: Versed, Hypnovel, Dormicum, Dormonid), mg	3		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Peripheral skin temperature	4	298	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.15 [‐0.08, 0.37]
7 Oxygen saturation	3	150	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.71 [‐1.75, 0.32]
8 Mood state	2	170	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.18 [‐2.17, ‐0.19]
9 Satisfaction	2	174	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.16, 0.76]
10 Length of stay / Examination time	2	153	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐6.00 [‐10.72, ‐1.28]