| Methods |
|
| Participants |
|
| Interventions |
|
| Outcomes |
|
| Notes |
See Table 8
|
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
Low risk |
"Patients were randomly allocated by the nurse to two groups using a computer‐generated list" |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not described. |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)
Subjective outcomes |
Unclear risk |
Unclear if patients were aware of the difference between the two groups. Patients in the control group were played music after the outcome measures had been taken, for 10 minutes at the conclusion of the procedure. |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)
Objective outcomes |
Low risk |
Anaesthesiologist blinded to group allocation. |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes |
Low risk |
"There were no drop‐outs." |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
Unclear risk |
Unknown if selective outcome reporting. |
| Protection from contamination? |
Low risk |
Interventions administered on an individual basis. |
