Chang 2005.

Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Notes	See Table 8
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"Randomly allocated to experimental and control groups." Method of randomisation not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Subjective outcomes	High risk	Patients in the control group were not aware they had not had the opportunity to listen to music.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Objective outcomes	Low risk	Physiological outcomes were measured via automated system.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	6 withdrew from the music group for the following reasons:"(a) lost interest (n = 2), (b) received nitrous oxide or sedative (n=2), (c) had a newborn with imperforate anus (n = 1) or had failure of local anesthesia (n = 1)" 6 withdrew from the control group for the following reasons: "(a) had emergency caesarean section (n = 2) and (b) received nitrous oxide or sedative (n = 4)"
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unknown if selective outcome reporting.
Protection from contamination?	Unclear risk	Interventions administered on an individual basis.