| Methods |
|
| Participants |
|
| Interventions |
|
| Outcomes |
|
| Notes |
See Table 8
|
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
"With the use of a Latin square design, the three musical selections (A, B, C) were randomly assigned to be presented to the patients in one of three different orders. Whether patients listened to either the music or the control period first was also randomly varied." Method of random sequence generation not described. |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not described. |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)
Subjective outcomes |
High risk |
Questionairre not fully validated; not extracted for review. Patients aware of group assignment. |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)
Objective outcomes |
High risk |
Automated recording of heart rate and respiratory rate, but data then determined from graphs by investigator ("the taped waveforms were off the scale because of a malfunction of the indicator needle"). |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes |
Unclear risk |
Withdrawals, drop‐outs, and missing data not described. |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
High risk |
Insufficient data provided for extraction: RR. |
| Protection from contamination? |
High risk |
Cross‐over study. Duration of wash‐out period unclear. "The patients were continuously monitored for two 42‐minute periods in the same day." |
