| Methods |
|
| Participants |
|
| Interventions |
|
| Outcomes |
|
| Notes |
See Table 8
|
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
"The patients were assigned randomly." Method of randomisation not described. |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not described. |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)
Subjective outcomes |
High risk |
Patients aware of group allocation. |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)
Objective outcomes |
Low risk |
"The CDs were unmarked, and the content was unknown to the nurse starting the CD player. [...] All were told [...] that the investigators were to remain blinded as to which CD was used. [...] HR, noninvasive BP, mid RR were measured by an attending nurse who was unaware of the CD's content." |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes |
Low risk |
"Five patients ‐ three from M group and two from C group ‐ were excluded from the calculations because of extended surgery or various technical problems on the ward" |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
High risk |
Reports systolic blood pressure but not diastolic blood pressure. |
| Protection from contamination? |
Low risk |
Interventions administered on an individual basis. |
