| Methods |
|
| Participants |
|
| Interventions |
|
| Outcomes |
|
| Notes |
See Table 8
|
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
Low risk |
"randomly assigned to groups using a computer minimization program." |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not described. |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)
Subjective outcomes |
High risk |
Participants aware of group allocation. |
| Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)
Objective outcomes |
Unclear risk |
Study did not address objective outcomes. |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes |
High risk |
"Of the 110 women enrolled, the researcher withdrew those who were unable to complete the three posttests (n = 33; 23%). These women had false labor pain (n = 8), received oxytocin between enrollment and starting the study at 3 cm dilation (n = 3), had caesarean section (n = 3), or rapid progress of labor and delivery (n = 19, 13%). Only one woman in the control group chose to withdraw from the study, and the reason given was too much pain." |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not known. |
| Protection from contamination? |
Low risk |
Interventions administered on an individual basis. |
