Zimmerman 1989.

Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Notes	See Table 8
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"Randomly assigned" ‐ Method of randomisation not described.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Subjective outcomes	High risk	Participants aware of group allocation.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Objective outcomes	Unclear risk	Study did not address objective outcomes.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Withdrawals and drop‐outs not described.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Not known.
Protection from contamination?	Low risk	Interventions administered on an individual basis.

ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; BP = blood pressure; bpm = beats per minute; CC = Cardiac catheterization; CD = compact disc; EGD = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; FB = Flexible Bronchoscopy; FS = Flexible Sigmoidoscopy; HEPA = High energy particular air; HR = Heart rate; ICU = intensive care unit; IV = intravenous; MI = Myocardial Infarction; NRS = Numerical Rating Scale; OAA/S = Observer's assessment of alertness/sedation; OR = Operating Room; PACU = Post Anaesthesia Care Unit; PCS = Patient controlled sedation; POMS = Profile of Mood States; RCT = randomised controlled trial; RR = respiration rate; SD = Standard deviation; SE = Standard Error; STAI = State Trait Anxiety Inventory; UK = United Kingdom; USA = United States of America; VAS = visual analogue scale; VRS = Verbal rating scale