| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Abdu 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Altaf 2011 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Andersen 2008 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Anderson 2011 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Aoki 2012 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Arriagada 2000 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Asazuma 2004 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Auerbach 2011 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Auerbach 2012 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Bazan 2002 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Benli 2006 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Bjarke 2002 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Blumenthal 2013 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Bresnahan 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Cakir 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Cannone 2010 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Carragee 1997 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Carrasco 1986 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Carreon 2009 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Cassinelli 2007 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Chen 2010 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Cheng 2009 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Choi 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Dahdaleh 2013 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Dantas 2007 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Delank 2002 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Delawi 2010 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Desai 2012 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Dimar 2009 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Dirisio 2011 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Dryer 2012 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Epstein 2006 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Escobar 2003 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Fan 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Fast 1985 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Feng 2011 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Fitzgerald 1976 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Fu 2008 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Fujiya 1990 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Försth 2013 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Ghahreman 2010 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| González 1992 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Gotfryd 2012 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Gotfryd 2012a | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Gu 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Haley 2012 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Haley 2012a | Not appropriate comparison |
| Halm 2010 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Herkowitz 1991 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Hong 2010 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Hong 2011 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Hwang 2010 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Ikuta 2005 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Imagama 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Ito 2010 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Katz 1997 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Kawaguchi 2004 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Kim 2006 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Kim 2007 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Kim 2007a | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Konno 2000 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Kornblum 2004 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Korovessis 2004 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Ledonio 2012 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Lee 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Lian 2010 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Liao 2011 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Mahir 2012 | Not appropriate comparison |
| McConnell 2011 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Michielsen 2013 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Pappas 1994 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Parker 2013 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Radcliff 2011 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Radcliff 2012 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Rapp 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Rapp 2011 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Repantis 2009 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Richter 2010 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Rompe 1995 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Rosa 2012 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Rowland 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Satomi 1992 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Schnake 2006 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Sears 2012 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Sengupta 2006 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Shapiro 2005 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Skidmore 2011 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Smoljanovic 2010 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Smorgick 2013 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Steffee 1993 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Tani 2002 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Tenhula 2000 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Tsutsumimoto 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Valesin 2009 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Videbaek 2010 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Wang 1998 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Weinstein 2007 | Not surgical comparison |
| Whang 2013 | Not appropriate comparison |
| Willén 2008 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Xiao 2007 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Xiao 2007a | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Yamada 2012 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Yang 2011 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Yu 2008 | Not a randomised controlled trial |
| Zdeblick 1993 | Not lumbar spinal stenosis |
| Zucherman 2004 | Not surgical comparison |
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