3. Summary of treatment components.

Study	Group	Categories (and treatment components)
		Assistive Devices	Cardiopulmonary intervention	Functional Task Training	Modality	Musculoskeletal intervention (active)	Musculoskeletal intervention (passive)	Neurophysiological intervention
Aksu 2001	‘All groups'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Allison 2007	‘Intervention'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking UL function training	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
	‘Control'	‐	‐	Walking UL function training	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Baer 2007	‘Part practice'	‐	‐	Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Whole practice'	‐	‐	Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
Bai 2008	‘Early rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
Bale 2008	‘Functional strength training'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking UL function training	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
	‘Training as usual'	‐	‐	ADL training	‐	‐	‐	Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Inhibition of abn musc. tone (Bobath) Described as 'Bobath' Sensorimotor facilitation
Behrman 2011	‘Locomotor training program'	‐	‐	Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Home exercise program'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Blennerhassett 2004	‘Mobility’	‐	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Brock 2005	‘Bobath'	‐	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	Walking Stair climbing	‐	‐	‐	Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Trunk mobilisations/ postural reactions (Bobath) PNF
	‘Task practice'	‐	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	Walking Stair climbing Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
Carlson 2006	‘Treatment'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
Chan 2006	‘Motor relearning'	‐	‐	Sit‐to‐stand practice Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Conventional therapy'	‐	‐	Sit‐to‐stand practice	‐	‐	‐	‐
Chen 2004	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Walking Stair climbing UL function training	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Sensorimotor facilitation
Chen 2006	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing UL function training	‐	‐	Passive movement	‐
Chen 2010	‘Test'	‐	‐	Walking	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement	‐
Chu 2003	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing UL function training	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Sensorimotor facilitation
Cooke 2006	‘Additional conventional therapy (CPT+CPT)'	‐	‐	ADL training	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Massage	Sensorimotor facilitation
	‘Functional strength training (FST +CPT)'	‐	‐	Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Musc. strengthening Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Massage	Sensorimotor facilitation
	‘Conventional physiotherapy (CPT)'	‐	‐	ADL training	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Massage	Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Sensorimotor facilitation
Dean 1997	‘Motor learning'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
Dean 2000	‘Motor learning'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Stair climbing Described as 'MRP'	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Dean 2006	‘Experimental'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Stair climbing Described as 'MRP'	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Dean 2007	‘Experimental'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
Deng 2011	‘Intervention'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking UL training	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Duncan 1998	‘Mixed'	‐	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking UL training	‐	Musc. strengthening Active and active assisted movement	PNF	‐
Duncan 2003	‘Mixed'	‐	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking UL training	‐	Musc. strengthening Active and active assisted movement	PNF	‐
Fan 2006	‘Treated'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Inc. angle of upright sitting Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Fang 2003	‘Additional early physiotherapy intervention'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Passive movement	Described as 'Bobath'
Fang 2004 old	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Passive movement Massage	‐
Fang 2004 young	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Passive movement Massage	‐
Ge 2003	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking	Acupuncture Physical agents	Active and active assisted movement	Massage	Described as 'Bobath'
Gelber 1995	‘Neurophysiological (NDT)'	‐	‐	ADL training	‐	‐	‐	Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Inhibition of abn musc. tone (Bobath)
	‘Orthopaedic (TFR)'	Walking aids Orthoses for walking	‐	ADL training	‐	Musc. strengthening	Passive movement	‐
Green 2002	‘Mixed'			ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Walking
Holmgren 2006	‘Intervention'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Hou 2006	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	Physical agents	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath' PNF
Howe 2005	‘Mixed'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
Hu 2007 haem	‘Test'			Details of individual components not available			Details of individual components not available
Hu 2007 isch	‘Test'			Details of individual components not available			Details of individual components not available
Huang 2003	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing Described as 'MRP'	Acupuncture Physical agents	Active and active assisted movement	Inc. angle of upright sitting Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath' PNF
Hui‐Chan 2009	‘PLBO‐TRT'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
Jiang 2006	‘Treated'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	Acupuncture	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Jing 2006	‘Exercise'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking	‐	‐	Passive movement	PNF
	‘Exercise and OT'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Transfer practice Walking UL training	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	PNF
Kim 2011	‘PNF'	‐	‐	‐	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement	PNF
	‘General exercise'	‐	‐	‐	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement	‐
Kim 2012	‘Experimental'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Stair climbing Described as 'MRP'	‐	Musc. strengthening	Passive movement	‐
	‘Control'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance	‐	Musc. strengthening	Passive movement	‐
Kwakkel 2002	‘Lower extremities'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Transfer practice Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Upper extremities'	‐	‐	UL training	‐	‐	‐	‐
Kwakkel 2008	‘Circuit training'	‐		Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Langhammer 2000	‘Motor learning'	‐	‐	Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Neurophysiological (Bobath)'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Langhammer 2007	‘Intensive exercise'	‐	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Lennon 2006	‘Bobath'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
	‘Gait specific'	‐	‐	Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
Li 1999	‘Early rehabilitation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath'
Li 2003	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning Massage	‐
Li 2005	‘Motor learning'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking UL training Described as 'MRP'	Acupuncture Physical agents	‐	‐	‐
	‘Neurodevelopmental therapy'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking	Acupuncture Physical agents	‐	Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath' PNF
Liao 2006	‘Treatment'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Trunk mobilisations/ postural reactions (Bobath)
	‘Control'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Lincoln 2003	‘Neurophysiological (Bobath)'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
	‘Motor learning'	‐	‐	Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
Liu 2003	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
McClellan 2004	‘Motor learning'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Placebo (upper limb control)'	‐	‐	UL training	‐	‐	‐	‐
Mudge 2009	‘Exercise'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
Mudie 2002	‘Feedback'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance	Physical agents	‐	‐	‐
	‘Motor learning (Task‐related training)'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Neurophysiological (Bobath)'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Inhibition of abn musc. tone (Bobath) Described as 'Bobath' Trunk mobilisations/ postural reactions (Bobath)
Ni 1997	‘Comprehensive rehabilitation training'	Orthoses for walking	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance	Physical agents	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Pan 2004	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Pang 2003	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Transfer practice UL training	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning Massage	‐
Pang 2006	‘Treatment'	‐	‐	‐	Acupuncture	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Pollock 1998	‘Mixed'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Neurophysiological (Bobath)'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Qian 2004	'Treatment'	‐	‐	ADL training	Acupuncture Physical agents	‐	Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath' PNF
Qian 2005	‘Treatment'	‐	‐	ADL training Walking	Acupuncture Physical agents	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath' PNF Sensorimotor facilitation
Richards 1993	‘Experimental'	‐	‐	Walking	Physical agents	Musc. strengthening	Tilt table	‐
	'Early conventional'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
	'Routine conventional'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Salbach 2004	‘Motor learning'	‐	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Stair climbing Described as 'MRP'	‐	Musc. strengthening Active and active assisted movement	‐	‐
	‘Placebo (upper limb control)'	‐	‐	UL training Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	‐	‐
Shin 2011	‘Combined exercise'	‐	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Musc. strengthening	‐	‐
	‘Conventional exercise'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking Stair climbing	‐	Active and active assisted movement		Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Trunk mobilisations/ postural reactions (Bobath)
Stephenson 2004	‘Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)'	‐	‐	Walking	‐	‐	‐	PNF
	‘Body weight support treadmill training'	‐	‐	Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
Tang 2009	‘Observation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath' Sensorimotor facilitation
	‘Control'	‐	‐	ADL training Transfer practice Walking	‐	‐	Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath'
Thaut 2007	‘Rhythmic auditory stimulation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking Stair climbing	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT)/Bobath‐based training'	‐	‐	Walking	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Torres‐Arreola 2009	‘Strategy 1 (S1) (Physiotherapy)'	Walking aids	‐	ADL training Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking UL training	‐	Musc. strengthening Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
	‘Strategy 2 (S2) Education'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
Verheyden 2006	‘Experimental'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Described as 'MRP'	‐	Active and active assisted movement	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
	‘Control'	‐	‐	Described as 'MRP'				Described as 'Bobath'
Verma 2011	‘Experimental'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	‐	‐
	‘Control'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Wade 1992	‘Mixed'	Walking aids	Aerobic, fitness, endurance	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
Wang 2004a	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking UL training Described as 'MRP'	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Wang 2004b	‘Treatment'	‐	‐	‐	Physical agents	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning Massage	Sensorimotor facilitation
	'Control'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning Massage	‐
Wang 2005	‘Neurophysiological'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Inhibition of abn musc. tone (Bobath) Described as 'Bobath' Trunk mobilisations/ postural reactions (Bobath)
	‘Orthopaedic'	‐	‐	ADL training Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking	‐	Musc. strengthening Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement	‐
Wang 2006	‘Rehabilitation'			ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning
Wei 1998	‘Exercise'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Wellmon 1997	‘Motor learning'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance	‐	‐	‐	‐
	‘Control'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
Wu 2006	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Inhibition of abn musc. tone (Bobath) Described as 'Bobath' PNF
Xiao 2003	‘Intensive rehabilitation'	‐	‐	‐	Physical agents	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath' PNF
	‘Conventional'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Xie 2003	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Stair climbing UL training	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning Massage	‐
Xie 2005	‘Treatment'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Transfer practice Walking	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Xu 1999	'Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'
Xu 2003a	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning Massage	‐
Xu 2003b	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training	‐	‐	Body and limb positioning	Sensorimotor facilitation
Xu 2004	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL training Sitting and/or standing balance Transfer practice Walking	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath'
Xue 2006	‘Training'	‐	‐	Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Described as 'MRP'	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath'
Yan 2002	‘Rehabilitation'	Resting splints	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	‐	Inc. angle of upright sitting Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Yelnik 2008	‘NDT‐based treatment'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking	‐	‐	‐	Hands on facilitation (Bobath) Inhibition of abn musc. tone (Bobath) Described as 'Bobath'
	‘Multisensorial'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Walking	‐	‐	‐	‐
Yin 2003a	‘Rehabilitation'	Resting splints	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance	‐	‐	Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath'
Zhang 1998	‘Early rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL practice Sitting and/or standing balance Walking Stair climbing	‐	Musc. strengthening	Passive movement Body and limb positioning Massage	Sensorimotor facilitation
Zhang 2004	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL practice Sitting and/or standing balance Walking Described as 'MRP'	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath' PNF
Zhao 2002	‘Rehabilitation nursing'	‐	‐	ADL practice Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Zhao 2003	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	ADL practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Passive movement	‐
Zhu 2001	‘Rehabilitation'	‐	‐	Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Described as 'MRP'	Physical agents	‐	Inc. angle of upright sitting Passive movement	Described as 'Bobath'
Zhu 2004b	‘Treated'	‐	‐	ADL practice Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing UL training	‐	Active and active assisted movement	Inc. angle of upright sitting Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Zhu 2006	‘Test'	‐	‐	ADL practice Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Walking Stair climbing UL training	‐	‐	Inc. angle of upright sitting Passive movement Body and limb positioning	Described as 'Bobath' PNF
Zhu 2007 haem	‘Cerebral haemorrhage'	‐	‐	ADL practice Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing UL training	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Zhu 2007 isch	‘Cerebral infarction'	‐	‐	ADL practice Sitting and/or standing balance Sit‐to‐stand practice Transfer practice Walking Stair climbing UL training	‐	‐	Passive movement Body and limb positioning	‐
Zhuang 2012	‘Acupuncture'	‐	‐	‐	Acupuncture	‐	‐	‐
	‘Physiotherapy'	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	Described as 'Bobath'

Abn: abnormal; ADL: activities of daily living; Inc:increasing; MRP: motor relearning programme; Musc: muscle; Norm: normal; PNF: proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation; UL: upper limb