Comparison 9. Subgroups. Intervention versus no treatment: immediate outcome: motor function.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
9.1 Time after stroke	27	4558	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.58, 1.04]
9.1.1 < 30 days post stroke	15	2635	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.47, 0.89]
9.1.2 < 3 months post stroke	1	70	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.32 [‐0.15, 0.79]
9.1.3 < 1 year post stroke	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
9.1.4 > 1 year post stroke	2	250	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [‐0.31, 0.58]
9.1.5 Time not stated	9	1603	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.26 [0.65, 1.88]
9.2 Study geographical location	27	4558	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.58, 1.04]
9.2.1 Europe	2	250	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [‐0.31, 0.58]
9.2.2 Australia	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
9.2.3 Asia: China	25	4308	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.63, 1.10]
9.2.4 Asia: other	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
9.2.5 North America	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Not estimable
9.3 Dose of intervention	27	4558	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.58, 1.04]
9.3.1 > once/d, with total of 60 to 120 minutes	4	434	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.31 [0.98, 1.64]
9.3.2 Once/d, 5 to 7×/wk, for 30 to 60 minutes	13	1084	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.35, 1.44]
9.3.3 2×/wk	3	289	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.80 [0.08, 1.52]
9.3.4 1 to 11 visits (to assess/give exercises for self practice)	2	250	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [‐0.31, 0.58]
9.3.5 Dose not stated	5	2501	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.32, 0.71]
9.4 Provider of intervention	27	4558	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.58, 1.04]
9.4.1 Physiotherapist	2	250	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [‐0.31, 0.58]
9.4.2 Therapist	7	1356	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.45, 1.03]
9.4.3 Therapist + family	2	152	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.13 [0.78, 1.47]
9.4.4 Nurse	3	308	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.08 [‐0.27, 4.43]
9.4.5 Not stated	13	2492	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.43, 0.87]
9.5 Treatment components included	27		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
9.5.1 Contains functional training	24	4330	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.64, 1.13]
9.5.2 Contains neurophysiological	13	2033	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.54, 0.98]
9.5.3 Contains musculoskeletal	24	4240	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.60, 1.08]