Kim 2009

Methods	RCT
Participants	Study took place in Korea 24 participants: 12 intervention, 12 control Inclusion criteria: ≥ 1 year post stroke with plateau in motor recovery after conventional rehabilitation and the ability to stand for 30 minutes and walk indoors independently (approximately 30 metres) Exclusion criteria: severe visual or cognitive impairment or musculoskeletal disorders that could interfere with tests Mean (SD) age: intervention group 52 (10) years, control group 52 (7) years 54% male Timing post stroke: intervention group mean (SD) 26 (10) months, control group 24 (9) months
Interventions	Virtual reality intervention: IREX virtual reality system using a video capture system to capture the participant's whole body movement. The participant is able to view their body movements in real time on a screen in front of them immersed in a virtual environment. Games included stepping up/down, shark bait (capturing stars while avoiding eels and sharks by weight shift) and snowboarding. Participants were challenged by increasing resistance (e.g. adding weights) or increasing the speed. Control intervention: conventional physiotherapy designed to facilitate standing balance function during walking. Included practice of weight shift, muscle strengthening, functional reach or picking up objects Sessions for virtual reality group: 30 minutes, 4 times a week for 4 weeks (8 hours) of virtual reality plus conventional physiotherapy 40 minutes, 4 times per week for 4 weeks (approximately 10.5 hours) (approximately 18.5 hours total) Sessions for control group: 40 minutes, 4 times per week for 4 weeks (approximately 10.5 hours total)
Outcomes	Outcomes recorded at baseline and post‐intervention Lower limb function and activity outcomes: 10‐metre walk test, GAIT‐RITE gait analysis system, Berg balance scale, Balance performance monitor Global motor function outcomes: modified Motor Assessment Scale
Notes	—
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	The sequence was generated using a lottery system
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Using sealed, opaque envelopes
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blind
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Does not appear to have any missing data
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No other outcomes were collected