Table 1.
Characteristics of Women at First Pregnancy and Infants
| PREGNANT WOMEN | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHIV (n=20) | NPHIV (n=86) | HIV-uninfected (n=65) | p value | |
| Age of Mother, years | 22.4 (20.2-24.5) | 29.2 (23.5 – 34.8) | 23.2 (20.5-27.7) | <0.01 |
| Race | <0.01 | |||
| African American | 14 (70%) | 54 (63%) | 28 (43%) | |
| Hispanic | 6 (30%) | 26 (30%) | 32 (49%) | |
| White/ Other | 0 (0%) | 6 (7%) | 5 (8%) | |
| Highest Education Level | 0.16 | |||
| Some College or Higher | 6 (30%) | 32 (37%) | 33 (51%) | |
| High School Diploma/ GED | 6 (30%) | 19 (22%) | 17 (26%) | |
| Some High School or Lower | 8 (40%) | 35 (41%) | 15 (23%) | |
| Employed | 4 (20%) | 18 (21%) | 21 (32%) | 0.24 |
| Gravida | 1 (1-2) | 3 (2-5) | 2 (1-4) | <0.01 |
| Any Substance Use During Pregnancy | ||||
| Heroin/Cocaine | 0 (0%) | 8 (9%) | 0 (0%) | <0.01 |
| Marijuana | 0 (0%) | 11 (13%) | 3 (5%) | 0.07 |
| Alcohol | 0 (0%) | 3 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.22 |
| Tobacco | 2 (10%) | 17 (20%) | 2 (3%) | 0.01 |
| Maternal Height, cm | 156 (154-160) | 160 (155-165) | 163 (155-168) | 0.10 |
| Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 24 (23-26) | 28 (23-33) | 24 (22-29) | 0.03 |
| History of Opportunistic Infections | 4 (20%) | 6 (7%) | --- | 0.09 |
| Nadir CD4 cells during pregnancy, cells/mm3 | --- | <0.01 | ||
| <50 cells/mm3 | 5 (25%) | 1 (1%) | --- | |
| 50-200 cells/mm3 | 3 (15%) | 14 (16%) | --- | |
| 201-350 cells/mm3 | 6 (30%) | 23 (27%) | --- | |
| >350 cells/mm3 | 6 (30%) | 48 (56%) | --- | |
| HIV RNA level <400 copies/mL at delivery | 15 (75%) | 76 (88%) | --- | 0.15 |
| Log10 HIV RNA level at delivery | 1.3 (1.3-2.7) | 1.3 (1.3-1.3) | --- | 0.14 |
| On ≥ 3 classes of ARV during pregnancy | 7 (35%) | 0 (0%) | --- | <0.01 |
| Hepatitis B infection | 0 (0%) | 7 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 0.02 |
| Hepatitis C infection | 2 (10%) | 8 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.01 |
| INFANTS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEU-P (n=28) | HEU-N (n=112) | HUU (n=65) | p value | |
| GA at First Prenatal Visit, weeks | 8 (7-10) | 11 (8-16) | 12 (9-15) | 0.01 |
| Female | 13 (46%) | 51 (46%) | 36 (55%) | 0.43 |
| APGAR score at 5 minutes | 9 (9-9) | 9 (9-9) | 9 (9-9) | 0.90 |
| Preterm (<37 weeks GA) | 5 (18%) | 24 (21%) | 4 (6%) | 0.03 |
| SGA at Birth | 9 (32%) | 14 (13%) | 5 (8%) | 0.01 |
| Birth WAZ | −0.89 (−1.57, −0.19) | −0.37 (−0.82, 0.20) | −0.30 (−0.81, 0.32) | 0.02 |
| Birth LAZ | −0.48 (−1.12, 0.09) | −0.14 (−0.87, 0.44) | 0.10 (−0.55, 0.69) | 0.02 |
| In custody of someone other than biological mother | 4 (14%) | 19 (17%) | 1 (2%) | <0.01 |
| Vaccines not up to date at 6 months | 4 (14%) | 10 (9%) | 4 (6%) | 0.44 |
| >10 Ambulatory Care Visits in First Year | 4 (14%) | 18 (16%) | 14 (22%) | 0.58 |
| Ever Hospitalized for Infectious Cause in First Year | 5 (18%) | 5 (4%) | 8 (12%) | <0.01 |
Continuous variables expressed as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as no. (%); P-values from Wilcoxon test or t test for continuous variables and Chi-square or Fisher’s exact for categorical variables as appropriate.
ARV=Antiretrovirals, BMI=Body Mass Index, GA=Gestational Age, HEU=HIV-exposed uninfected, HUU=HIV unexposed uninfected, LAZ=Length-for-age z score, PHIV=Perinatally HIV-infected, NPHIV=Non-Perinatally HIV-infected, SGA=Small for gestational age, WAZ=Weight-for-age z score, WLZ=Weight-for-length z score