1 Death from any cause: oestrogen‐only HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
1.1 Oestradiol 1 mg (low dose) for 2 years |
1 |
222 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.33 [0.01, 8.10] |
1.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 7.1 years |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.88, 1.20] |
1.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 10.7 years (includes extra follow‐up) |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.91, 1.13] |
2 Death from any cause: combined HT |
5 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
2.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean/median 1 year |
2 |
20993 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.31 [0.76, 2.27] |
2.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 2 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.05 [0.71, 1.56] |
2.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + P (as per footnotes) for 3 years |
3 |
18075 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.09 [0.81, 1.46] |
2.4 CEE 0.045 mg (lowish dose) + 200 mg sequential progesterone for 4 years |
1 |
505 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.58 [0.15, 87.57] |
2.5 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 5.6 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.84, 1.19] |
2.6 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 7.9 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.93, 1.20] |
2.7 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg after 13.2 years (includes extended follow‐up) |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.92, 1.08] |
3 Death from any cause: oestrogen with or without sequential progesterone vaginal gel |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
3.1 Oestradiol 1 mg daily, with or without cyclic 4% vaginal progesterone gel |
1 |
643 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.06, 15.77] |
4 Death from coronary heart disease: oestrogen‐only HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
4.1 Oestradiol 1 mg (low dose) daily for 2 years |
1 |
222 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.33 [0.01, 8.10] |
4.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 7.1 years |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.98 [0.69, 1.38] |
4.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) after 10.7 years (includes extra follow‐up) |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.71, 1.19] |
5 Death from coronary heart disease: combined continuous HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
5.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 5.6 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.06 [0.68, 1.66] |
5.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 7.9 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.99 [0.72, 1.38] |
6 Death from coronary heart disease: combined sequential HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
6.1 1 mg 17‐B‐oestradiol (low dose) daily plus (3 days weekly) 0.35 mg norethindrone for 2 years |
1 |
142 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.01, 8.27] |
7 Death from stroke: oestrogen‐only HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
7.1 CEE 0.625 mg (low dose) for 7.1 years |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.16 [0.58, 2.32] |
8 Death from stroke: combined sequential HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
8.1 1 mg 17‐B‐oestradiol (low dose) daily plus (3 days weekly) 0.35 mg norethindrone for 2 years |
1 |
142 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.08 [0.13, 74.46] |
9 Death from stroke: combined continuous HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
9.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for median 1 year |
1 |
4385 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.99 [0.12, 73.37] |
9.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 5.6 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.04 [0.46, 2.35] |
10 Death from colorectal cancer: oestrogen‐only HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
10.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 7.1 years |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.28 [0.66, 2.46] |
11 Death from breast cancer: combined continuous HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
12 Death from breast cancer: oestrogen‐only HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
12.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) after median 11.8 years (includes extra follow‐up) |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.38 [0.15, 0.98] |
13 Death from colorectal cancer: combined continuous HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
13.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 5.6 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.40, 2.29] |
13.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 7.1 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.01 [0.52, 1.96] |
13.3 CEE 0.0625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg after 11.6 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.31 [0.80, 2.14] |
14 Death from lung cancer: oestrogen‐only HT (moderate dose) |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
14.1 Death from lung cancer (non‐small cell or small cell) |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.05 [0.65, 1.70] |
14.2 Death from non‐small cell lung cancer |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.52, 1.50] |
14.3 Death from small cell lung cancer |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.04 [0.62, 6.79] |
15 Death from lung cancer: combined continuous HT (moderate dose) |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
15.1 Death from lung cancer (non‐small cell or small cell) at mean 7.9 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.74 [1.18, 2.55] |
15.2 Death from non‐small cell lung cancer at mean 7.9 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.91 [1.24, 2.93] |
15.3 Death from small cell lung cancer at mean 7.9 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.16 [0.48, 2.81] |
15.4 Death from lung cancer (any type) at median 14 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.10 [0.88, 1.39] |
16 Death from lung cancer: combined sequential HT (low dose oestrogen) |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
16.1 1 mg 17‐B‐oestradiol (low dose) daily plus (3 days weekly) 0.35 mg norethindrone for 2 years |
1 |
142 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.08 [0.13, 74.46] |
17 Death from any cancer: combined continuous HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
17.1 CEE O.625 mg daily (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 3 years |
1 |
777 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.77 [0.11, 67.80] |
17.2 CEE 0.625 mg daily (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 5.2 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.16 [0.87, 1.53] |
18 Coronary events (MI or cardiac death): oestrogen‐only HT |
3 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
18.1 Oestradiol 1 mg (low dose) for 2 years |
1 |
222 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.5 [0.05, 5.43] |
18.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 3 years |
1 |
349 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.98 [0.12, 72.72] |
18.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for mean 7.1 years |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.78, 1.13] |
18.4 CEE 0.65 (mod dose) for 10.7 years (includes extra follow‐up) |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.82, 1.10] |
19 Coronary events (MI or cardiac death): combined continuous HT |
3 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
19.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean/median 1 year |
2 |
20993 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.89 [1.15, 3.10] |
19.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 2 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.49 [1.05, 2.12] |
19.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 3 years |
2 |
17385 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.45 [1.07, 1.98] |
19.4 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 5.6 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.17 [0.95, 1.44] |
19.5 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg after 13.2 years (includes extended follow‐up) |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.08 [0.95, 1.22] |
20 Coronary events (MI or cardiac death): combined sequential HT |
3 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
20.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) daily + micronised progesterone 200 mg days 1‐12 for 3 years |
1 |
352 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
4.89 [0.24, 101.09] |
20.2 1 mg (low dose) 17‐B‐oestradiol daily plus (3 days weekly) 0.35 mg norethindrone for 2 years |
1 |
142 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.34 [0.01, 8.27] |
20.3 Oestradiol patch 0.05 mg (mod dose) + 200 mg sequential progesterone for 4 years |
1 |
497 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.71 [0.15, 90.70] |
21 Coronary events (MI or cardiac death): oestrogen with or without sequential progesterone vaginal gel |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
21.1 Oestradiol 1 mg daily, with or without cyclic 4% vaginal progesterone gel |
1 |
643 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.33 [0.03, 3.16] |
22 Stroke: unopposed oestrogen |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
22.1 Oestradiol 1 mg (low dose) for 2 years |
1 |
222 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.0 [0.12, 72.86] |
22.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for mean 7.1 years |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.33 [1.06, 1.67] |
22.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 10.7 years (includes extra follow‐up) |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.17 [0.97, 1.40] |
23 Stroke: combined continuous HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
23.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 1 year |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.95 [0.49, 1.86] |
23.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 2 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.31 [0.83, 2.06] |
23.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 3 years |
2 |
17385 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.46 [1.02, 2.09] |
23.4 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 5.6 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.39 [1.09, 1.77] |
23.5 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 7.9 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.29 [1.06, 1.56] |
23.6 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg after 13.2 years (includes extended follow‐up) |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.15 [0.99, 1.33] |
24 Stroke: combined sequential HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
24.1 1 mg (low dose) 17‐B‐oestradiol daily plus (3 days weekly) 0.35 mg norethindrone for 2 years |
1 |
142 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.08 [0.13, 74.46] |
24.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) daily + MPA 10 mg days 1‐12 for 3 years |
1 |
348 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.0 [0.12, 73.14] |
25 Stroke: combined sequential HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
25.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) daily + micronised progesterone 200 mg days 1‐12 for 3 years |
1 |
352 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.93 [0.12, 71.51] |
26 Transient ischaemic attack: oestrogen‐only HT |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
26.1 Oestradiol 1 mg (low dose) for 2 years |
1 |
222 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.0 [0.12, 72.86] |
27 Transient ischaemic attack: combined sequential HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
27.1 1 mg 17‐B‐oestradiol (low dose) daily plus (3 days weekly) 0.35 mg norethindrone for 2 years |
1 |
142 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.07, 16.13] |
27.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) daily + MPA 10 mg days 1‐12 for 3 years |
1 |
348 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.0 [0.12, 73.14] |
28 Transient ischaemic attack: oestrogen with or without sequential progesterone vaginal gel |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
28.1 Oestradiol 1 mg daily,with or without cyclic 4% vaginal progesterone gel |
1 |
643 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.50 [0.05, 5.44] |
29 Stroke or transient ischaemic attack |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
29.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean/median 1 year |
1 |
4385 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.73 [0.37, 1.46] |
30 Venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE): oestrogen‐only HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
30.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for up to 2 years |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.22 [1.12, 4.39] |
30.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 3 years |
1 |
349 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
6.96 [0.36, 133.75] |
30.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 7.1 years |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.32 [1.00, 1.74] |
30.4 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 10.7 years (includes extra follow‐up) |
1 |
10739 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.04 [0.84, 1.29] |
31 Venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE): combined sequential HT |
3 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
31.1 1 mg 17‐B‐oestradiol (low dose) daily plus (3 days weekly) 0.35 mg norethindrone for 2 years |
1 |
142 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.08 [0.13, 74.46] |
31.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) daily + MPA 10 mg days 1‐12 for 3 years |
1 |
348 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.0 [0.12, 73.14] |
31.3 CEE 0.045 mg (lowish dose) + 200 mg sequential progesterone for 4 years |
1 |
505 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.40 [0.02, 9.73] |
31.4 Oestradiol patch 0.05 mg (mod dose) + 200 mg sequential progesterone for 4 years |
1 |
497 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.24 [0.08, 19.69] |
32 Venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE): combined continuous HT |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
32.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean/median 1 year |
2 |
20993 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
4.28 [2.49, 7.34] |
32.2 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 2 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.98 [1.88, 4.71] |
32.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for 3 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.54 [1.73, 3.72] |
32.4 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 5.6 years |
1 |
16608 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.03 [1.55, 2.64] |
32.5 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + 2.5 mg MPA for mean 7.9 years |
1 |
16707 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.65 [1.32, 2.05] |
33 Venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE): oestrogen with or without sequential progesterone vaginal gel |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
33.1 Oestradiol 1 mg daily, with or without cyclic 4% vaginal progesterone gel |
1 |
643 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.49 [0.25, 8.83] |
34 Global cognitive function |
4 |
|
Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
34.1 Transdermal estradiol 0.014 mg (low dose): MMSE scores (baseline MMSE ≤ 90) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐1.21 [‐5.05, 2.63] |
34.2 Transdermal estradiol 0.014 mg (low dose): MMSE scores (baseline MMSE > 90) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.3 [‐0.73, 0.13] |
34.3 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) with or without 2.5 mg MPA for 3 years: MMSE scores |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.1 [‐0.35, 0.15] |
34.4 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for mean 5.2 years: MMSE scores |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.26 [‐0.52, 0.00] |
34.5 Combined continuous CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 4.2 years: MMSE scores |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.18 [‐0.36, 0.00] |
34.6 Oestrogen with or without sequential progesterone vaginal gel |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.03 [‐0.21, 0.15] |
35 Probable dementia |
1 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
35.1 CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) for 5.2 years |
1 |
2947 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.52 [0.89, 2.59] |
35.2 Combined continuous CEE 0.625 mg (mod dose) + MPA 2.5 mg for mean 4.05 years |
1 |
4532 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.97 [1.16, 3.33] |