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. 2019 Apr 15;9:6080. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42570-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Life cycle of B. xylophilus. In favourable conditions B. xylophilus multiplies via a propagative cycle by feeding on plant cell (phytophagous phase) or fungal hyphae (mycetophagous phase). In unfavourable conditions, the nematode switches to the dispersal cycle in which the second-stage larvae (L2) moult to the dispersal third-stage juvenile (D3) and subsequently to the dispersal fourth-stage juvenile (D4) in a presence of the vector insect, which enters the vector beetle for dispersion.