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. 2019 Apr 15;9:6029. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42413-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Optogenetic stimulation of mossy fibers in the left MCP as a CS supports the acquisition of the TEC with a 350-ms trace interval. (a) Upper panel: the trace conditioning with a 350-ms trace interval paradigm illustrating the timing of the CS and US. Below panel: the representative O.O. EMG of the ChR2/paired, mCherry/paired, and ChR2/unpaired groups on the 14th conditioning session. (b,c) Average CR% for learned rats (b) and unlearned rats (c) in the ChR2/paired group, and all rats in mCherry/paired and ChR2/unpaired groups (* and ^# indicate significant differences between the ChR2/paired group and mCherry/paired and the ChR2/unpaired groups; ** or ^##P < 0.01, *** or ^###P < 0.001; 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures followed by Tukey post hoc test). (d) Individual learning curves of learned rats (red) and unlearned rats (violet) in ChR2/paired group. (e–h) EMG response topographies across two habituation and fourteen acquisition training sessions for learned rats (e) and unlearned rats (f) in the ChR2/paired group, and all rats in mCherry/paired (g) and ChR2/unpaired (h) groups. (i) CNQX, APV, and BMI administration did not affect the CR% of three learned rats (N.S., not significant, 2-tailed paired Student’s t-test). (j) The EMG response topographies for CNQX, APV, and BMI infusion or ACSF infusion were shown. Data are represented as mean ± s.e.m.