Table 6. Retrospective, observational studies investigating geographic/travel distance as a mechanism perpetuating surgical disparities.

Source	Data source	# of lung cancer patients	Years studied	Research question	Finding
Lieberman-Cribbin et al. (63)	New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System	31,931	1995–2012	Are there racial disparities in hospital utilization and outcomes in New York?	Patients living at greater distances from high volume hospitals were less likely to undergo surgery at such centers. These differences existed in both black and white patients
Liu et al. (64)	New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System	9,099	1995–2012	What factors influence the receipt of lobectomy for the treatment of lung cancer in New York?	Patients of black race and Hispanic ethnicity were more likely to undergo lobectomy at distant low volume centers. Treatment at low volume centers was associated with increased postoperative complications