Table 5.

Risk factors of clinically significant complications related to CAS

Variable	Significant complications (n = 198)	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	Mean ± SD or n (%)	OR [95% CI]	P-value	OR [95% CI]	P-value
Age (years)	74.4 ± 7.97	1.03 [1.01–1.05]	0.003*	1.02 [1.00–1.05]	0.08
Male sex	167 (84.3)	0.88 [0.6–1.30]	0.52	1.10 [0.61–2.00]	0.76
Symptomatic lesion	150 (75.8)	2.19 [1.58–3.04]	0.0001*	1.91 [1.23–3.00]	0.003*
Degree of stenosis (%)	79.2 ± 13.9	1.0 [0.99–1.01]	0.6	0.84 [0.31–2.44]	0.74
Low-echoic lesion	69 (46.9)	1.91 [1.38–2.66]	0.0001*	1.85 [1.21–2.84]	0.005*
High-intensity signal on TOF MRA	62 (43.7)	1.33 [0.95–1.87]	0.09	1.35 [0.88–2.09]	0.17
Antiplatelet use	188 (95.4)	0.38 [0.19–0.75]	0.0005*	–	–
Dual/Triple antiplatelet therapy	173 (94.0)	0.86 [0.46–1.59]	0.63	1.05 [0.30–3.7]	0.94
Aspirin	160 (87.0)	1.11 [0.72–1.71]	0.65	1.64 [0.66–4.04]	0.28
Ticlopidine/Clopidogrel	146 (79.4)	0.87 [0.61–1.25]	0.45	0.82 [0.40–1.71]	0.06
Cilostazol	72 (39.1)	0.97 [0.72–1.31]	0.86	0.88 [0.46–1.68]	0.69
EPD use	192 (97.5)	0.19 [0.07–0.48]	0.0005*	–	–
Distal filter protection	80 (41.7)	1.01 [0.76–1.35]	0.94	1.50 [0.95–2.35]	0.08
Proximal/Combined protection	43 (22.4)	1.24 [0.88–1.75]	0.22	1.25 [0.72–2.18]	0.44
MoMa	11 (5.61)	1.19 [0.64–2.20]	0.58	1.66 [0.76–3.61]	0.23
Pre-dilatation	170 (86.3)	0.74 [0.49–1.12]	0.16	0.80 [0.41–1.55]	0.52
Post-dilatation	164 (82.8)	0.47 [0.33–0.69]	0.0001*	0.69 [0.38–1.26]	0.25
Closed-cell stent	75 (37.9)	0.66 [0.49–0.88]	0.005*	0.53 [0.35–0.79]	0.002*

^*Statistical significance. Analysis based on data from the Japanese Registry of NeuroEndovascular Therapy 3 (JR-NET3). CAS: carotid artery stenting, CI: confidence interval, OR: odds ratio, TOF MRA: time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, EPD: embolic protection device, MoMa: Mo.Ma Ultra (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA), SD: standard deviation.