Table 2.
Relative levels of urinary metabolites with significant differences between control and HFD mice. Data presented as relative metabolite concentrations in urine after 30 weeks of HFD (mean ± SEM). Relative metabolite levels represent integrated peak areas normalized to urinary creatinine and using TSP as a standard. P values based on comparison of control vs. HFD groups (n = 6); Bonferroni-adjusted P value cut-off was 2.2 × 10−3 to adjust for multiple comparisons of initial 23 candidate metabolites identified after primary statistical analysis (see Fig. S1).
| Metabolite | 1H NMR peak position (ppm) | Relative level in control urine | Relative level in HFD urine | P value (HFD vs. control) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimethylamine | 2.7 | 0.705 ± 0.018 | 0.345 ± 0.016 | 8.10E-04 |
| Trimethylamine | 2.9 | 5.28 ± 0.239 | 1.47 ± 0.051 | 1.30E-04 |
| trans-Aconitate | 6.6 | 0.116 ± 0.002 | 0.042 ± 0.004 | 1.20E-04 |
| Alanine | 1.5, 3.8 | 1.105 ± 0.033 | 0.512 ± 0.015 | 1.02E-05 |
| Creatine | 3.0, 3.9 | 2.60 ± 0.066 | 0.98 ± 0.047 | 3.38E-05 |
| Trigonelline | 4.4, 8.1, 8.8, 9.1 | 0.547 ± 0.025 | 0.213 ± 0.013 | 6.60E-04 |
| cis-Aconitate | 3.1 | 0.407 ± 0.017 | 0.171 ± 0.012 | 7.10E-04 |
| 2-Hydroxyglutarate | 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 4.0 | 7.82 ± 0.184 | 5.10 ± 0.149 | 9.10E-04 |
| Succinate | 2.4 | 1.02 ± 0.039 | 0.23 ± 0.026 | 4.19E-05 |
| Acetate | 1.9 | 3.13 ± 0.219 | 0.79 ± 0.056 | 7.10E-04 |
| Benzoate | 7.5, 7.6, 7.9 | 0.449 ± 0.019 | 0.076 ± 0.007 | 9.49E-06 |