Table 4.
A summary of the hypotheses and results.
| Hypotheses | Results | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|
| H1a | Positive relationships between SA and A and D | Supported | |
| Negative relationships between SA and C and E | Supported | ||
| H1b | Positive relationships between DA and A and D | Partially supported | A non-significant DA-D relationship, further suggesting an acceptable “maladaptive” effect of DA; |
| Positive relationships between DA and C and E | Supported | Highlighting the adaptive role of DA | |
| H2a | Positive relationships between DRP and SA and DA | Supported | A stronger relationship found between DPR and DA |
| H2b | SA as mediators between DRP and A, D, C, and E | Supported | |
| DA as mediators between DRP and A, D, C, and E | Partially supported | A non-significant indirect effect of DRP on D via DA | |
| H2c | Positive indirect relationships between DRP and A and D | Supported | Significant, though weak, total indirect effects; |
| Positive indirect relationships between DRP and C and E | Rejected | Non-significant total indirect effects | |
| H3a | Positive relationships between SM and SA and DA | Supported | A stronger relationship found between SM and SA |
| H3b | SA as mediators between SM and A, D, C, and E | Supported | |
| DA as mediators between SM and A, D, C, and E | Partially supported | A non-significant indirect effect of SM on D via DA | |
| H3c | Positive indirect relationships between SM and A and D | Supported | |
| Negative indirect relationships between SM and C and E | Supported |
DRP, Display rule perceptions; SM, Self-monitoring; SA, surface acting; DA, deep acting; A, Anxiety; D, Depression; C, Contentment; E, Enthusiasm.