Table 1.
Behavioral studies comparing emotional processing of dynamic and static face stimuli in healthy controls.
| Study | Task type | Stimuli | Dynamic vs. static |
|---|---|---|---|
| Harwood et al., 1999 | Labeling (6 choice) | Real | Dynamic > static (sadness and anger only) |
| Wehrle et al., 2000 | Labeling (10 choice) | Synthetic | Dynamic > static |
| Kamachi et al., 2001 | Rate intensity (7 choice) | Real | Static > dynamic |
| Ambadar et al., 2005 | Labeling (7 choice) | Real | Dynamic > static |
| Biele and Grabowska, 2006 | Rate intensity (4 choice) | Real | Dynamic > static |
| Weyers et al., 2006 | Labeling (6 choice); Rate intensity (7 choice) | Synthetic | Dynamic > static (both measures) |
| Yoshikawa and Sato, 2006 | Matching to same intensity (sliding scale) | Real | No difference, but rapid changes were perceived as more intense than slow changes. |
| Montagne et al., 2007 | Labeling (6 choice) | Real | Dynamic > static |
| Bould et al., 2008 | Labeling (7 choice) | Real | 25-frame video > 9-frame video > 2-frame video |
| Kätsyri and Sams, 2008 | Rate each stimulus according to each emotion (6) on a scale of 1–7. | Synthetic and real | Dynamic > static (synthetic faces only). No difference for real faces. |
| Cunningham and Wallraven, 2009 | Labeling (10 choice) | Real | Dynamic > static (except for happy and thinking faces) |
| Horstmann and Ansorge, 2009 | Visual search: Find the negative face in an array of positive faces (or vice versa) | Synthetic | Dynamic > static (faster search times) |
| Fujimura and Suzuki, 2010 | Labeling (6 choice) | Real | Dynamic > static (anger only) |
| Fiorentini and Viviani, 2011 | Labeling (2 choice) | Real | No difference |
| Recio et al., 2011 | Labeling (3 choice) | Synthetic | Dynamic > static (happiness only) |
| Gold et al., 2013 | Labeling (6 choices) | Real | No difference |
| Hoffmann et al., 2013 | Labeling (6 choices) | Real | Dynamic > static (fear and surprise) Static> dynamic (happiness) |
| Jiang et al., 2014 | Labeling (3 choices) | Synthetic | Static > dynamic |
| Kaufman and Johnston, 2014 | Same-or-different discrimination (static only) | Real | Dynamic cues produced faster “same” responses than static cues |
| Widen and Russell, 2015 | Labeling (open-ended responses) | Real | No difference (In children) |
| Calvo et al., 2016 | Labeling (6 choices) | Real | Dynamic > static |