Table 1.
Overview of Meta VCI Map member studies
| Study | Country | Sample size | Imaging data | Cognitive screening tests | Cognitive domain-specific assessment | Lesion maps∗ | Key reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ischemic stroke cohorts | |||||||
| Bundang VCI cohort | Republic of Korea | 2233 | T1, FLAIR, DWI | MMSE, IQCODE | Mem, AEF, Vis, Lan | No | Lim et al., 2014 [14] |
| Center of Excellence in Rehabilitation Medicine, UMC Utrecht—De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation cohort | Netherlands | 150 | CT, T1, FLAIR, DWI | MoCA, MMSE, neglect screening | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Ten Brink et al., 2016 [15] Ten Brink et al., 2019 [16] |
| Clinical Biological and Pharmacological Factors Influencing Stroke Outcome (BIOSTROKE) | France | 395 | T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DWI | MoCA, MMSE, CDR | N/A | N/A | Ducroquet et al., 2013 [17] |
| Cognition and Affect after Stroke: Prospective Evaluation of Risks (CASPER) | Netherlands | 250 | T1, T2, FLAIR, SWI | MMSE, neglect screening | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Douven et al., 2016 [18] |
| Cognitive Outcome After Stroke (COAST) | Singapore | 117 | CT, FLAIR, DWI | MoCA, MMSE | Mem, AEF, Vis, Lan | Yes | Dong et al., 2012 [19] |
| Cognitive Deficits in Cerebellar Stroke (CODECS) | Netherlands | 40 | CT, T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI | MoCA, FAB | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | N/A |
| Cognitive function after lacunar stroke MUMC study | Netherlands | 77 | T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DWI | R-CAMCOG | Mem, AEF, PS | No | Huijts et al., 2013 [20] |
| Cognitive Function After Stroke (CogFAST-UK) | United Kingdom | 100 | CT, T1, FLAIR | MMSE, CDR, CAMCOG IQCODE | N/A | N/A | Allan et al., 2011 [21] |
| Clinical Relevance of Microbleeds in Stroke (CROMIS-2) | United Kingdom | 1000 | T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DWI, SWI | MoCA | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | N/A | Charidimou et al., 2015 [22] Wilson et al., 2018 [23] |
| Chinese University of Hong Kong—Stroke Registry Investigating Cognitive Decline (CU-STRIDE) | Hong Kong | 410 | CT, T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI | MoCA, MMSE, CDR, IQCODE | None | Yes | Yang et al., 2015 [24] Mok et al., 2016 [25]; Zhao et al., 2017 [10] |
| Determinants of Dementia After Stroke (DEDEMAS) | Germany | 131 | T1, FLAIR, DTI | MoCA, MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Wollenweber et al., 2013 [26] |
| Hallym VCI cohort | Republic of Korea | 994 | T1, FLAIR, DWI | MoCA, MMSE, IQCODE | Mem, AEF, Vis, Lan | No | Yu et al., 2013 [27] |
| Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital stroke cohort | Taiwan | 500 | T1, FLAIR, DWI, DTI | MMSE, CASI | None | No | N/A |
| Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital stroke cohort | Taiwan | 100 | T1, FLAIR, DWI, DTI | MoCA, MMSE | Mem, AEF, Lan | No | N/A |
| Mild Stroke Study II (MSS-II) | United Kingdom | 200 | T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DWI, DTI | MoCA, MMSE, ACE-R | None | Yes | Wardlaw et al., 2017 [28] |
| Neurovascular Underpinnings of Exercise post-Stroke (RISE3) | Canada | 15 | T1, T2, FLAIR | MoCA | Mem, AEF, PS | Yes | Robertson et al., 2015 [29] |
| Prediction of Cognitive Recovery After Stroke (PROCRAS) | Netherlands | 242 | CT, T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI, DTI | MoCA, IQCODE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan, emotion recognition | Yes | Aben et al., 2018 [30] |
| Recovery Improved post-Stroke with Exercise (RISE1) | Canada | 13 | T1, T2, FLAIR | MoCA | Mem, AEF, PS | Yes | Robertson et al., 2017 [31] |
| Study of Factors Influencing Post-Stroke Dementia (STROKDEM) | France | 300 | T1, FLAIR, T2-star, DTI | MoCA, MMSE, IQCODE, CDR | N/A | N/A | Bournonville et al., 2018 [32] Delattre et al., 2017 [33] |
| Tel Aviv Brain Acute Stroke Cohort (TABASCO) | Israel | 421 | T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI, DTI | MoCA | Mem, AEF, Vis, Lan | Yes | Ben Assayag et al., 2012 [34] |
| Utrecht Stroke and COGnition (USCOG) | Netherlands | 121 | CT, T1, FLAIR | N/A | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Biesbroek et al., 2014 [35] |
| Memory clinic cohorts | |||||||
| ADNI-1/2/GO (WMH segmentations by University of California, Davis)† | United States of America | 1231 | T1, T2, FLAIR | MMSE, CDR | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Jack et al., 2015 [36]http://adni.loni.usc.edu/ |
| ADNI-2/GO (WMH segmentations by University College London)† | United Kingdom | 929 | T1, FLAIR | MoCA, MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | http://adni.loni.usc.edu/ |
| Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC‡ | Netherlands | 130 | T1, T2, FLAIR | MMSE, FAB | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | No | N/A |
| Cognition and Aging Center—Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CAC-KCGMH) | Taiwan | 100 | T1, FLAIR | MMSE, FAB, CASI | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | No | Huang et al., 2017, 2018 [37], [38] |
| The Dutch Parelsnoer Institute—neurodegenerative diseases‡ | Netherlands | 1200 | T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Aalten et al., 2014 [39] |
| Functional Assessment of Vascular Reactivity (FAVR) and Brain IMPACT | Canada | 150 | T1, T2, FLAIR, DTI | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis | Yes | Case et al., 2016 [40] |
| Harmonization | Singapore | 167 | T1, T2, FLAIR | MoCA, MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Biesbroek et al., 2016 [41] |
| PRE-MCI | United Kingdom | 91 | FLAIR | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis | No | Archer et al., 2006 [42] |
| Prospective Dementia Registry Austria (PRODEM-Austria) | Austria | 819 | T1, T2, FLAIR | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Pusswald et al., 2015 [43] |
| Recovery Improved in Covert Stroke With Exercise (RISE2) | Canada | 47 | T1, T2, FLAIR | MoCA | Mem, AEF, PS | Yes | https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02068391 |
| Utrecht-Amsterdam Clinical Features and Prognosis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment (TRACE-VCI)‡ | Netherlands | 860 | T1, T2, FLAIR, SWI | CDR, MMSE, CAMCOG | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Boomsma et al., 2017 [44] |
| Young Onset Alzheimer's disease (YOAD) cohort | United Kingdom | 69 | T1, T2 | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Slattery et al., 2017 [45] |
| Population-based cohorts | |||||||
| Austrian Stroke Prevention Study (ASPS), Graz Study | Austria | 1188 | T1, T2, FLAIR | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Seiler et al., 2014 [46]; Schmidt et al., 1994, 1999 [47], [48] |
| Calgary Normative Study | Canada | 200 | T1, FLAIR, DTI | MoCA | N/A | Yes | Tsang et al., 2017 [49] |
| Chinese University of Hong Kong – Risk Index for Subclinical brain lesions in Hong Kong (CU-RISK) | Hong Kong | 851 | T1, T2, FLAIR, DTI | MoCA, MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Wong et al., 2015 [50] |
| Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore (EDIS) | Singapore | 1500 | CT, T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DWI | MoCA, MMSE, IQCODE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Hilal et al., 2013 [51] |
| Framingham Heart Study | United States | 1820 | T1, T2 | N/A | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Au et al., 2006 [52] |
| Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) | Netherlands | 550 | T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DWI | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS | Yes | Shepherd et al., 2014 [53] |
| Rotterdam Study | Netherlands | 5400 | T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DTI | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Ikram et al., 2015, 2017 [54], [55] |
| Southall And Brent Revisited (SABRE) | United Kingdom | 1306 | T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DTI | N/A | Mem, AEF, PS, Lan | Yes | Shibata et al., 2013 [56] Sudre et al., 2018 [57] |
| Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (MAS) | Australia | 540 | T1, FLAIR | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis, Lan | Yes | Sachdev et al., 2010 [58] |
| UC Davis ADC Diversity Cohort | United States | 1063 | T1, FLAIR | N/A | Mem, AEF, Vis | Yes | Hinton et al., 2010 [59] |
| Other cohort types | |||||||
| Blood-brain barrier in cerebral small vessel disease cohort | Netherlands | 75 | T1, FLAIR | N/A | Mem, AEF, PS | Yes | Zhang et al., 2017 [60] |
| Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment in Elderly People (DANTE) | Netherlands | 219 | T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS | N/A | Moonen et al., 2015 [61] |
| Munich CADASIL cohort | Germany | 125 | T1, FLAIR, T2-star, DTI | MMSE | Mem, PS, Vis | Yes | Duering et al., 2011 [5] |
| Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion tensor and Magnetic resonance imaging Cohort (RUN DMC) | Netherlands | 503 | T1, T2, FLAIR, T2-star, DWI, DTI | MMSE | Mem, AEF, PS, Vis | Yes | Van Norden et al., 2011 [62] |
Abbreviations: ACE, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination; AEF, attention and/or executive functions; CAMCOG, Cambridge Cognitive Examination; CDR, clinical dementia rating; CASI, Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; CT, computed tomography; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; FAB, frontal assessment battery; FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; IQCODE, Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; Lan, language; Mem, memory; MMSE, Mini–Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; N/A, (information on data) not available; PS, processing speed; SWI, susceptibility-weighted imaging; Vis, visuospatial functions (e.g., perception, construction); VCI, vascular cognitive impairment; WMH, white matter hyperintensity.
∗
Lesion maps: infarcts for stroke cohorts; white matter hyperintensities for cohorts with memory clinic patients, population-based subjects, and other cohort types.
†
Lesion segmentations of ADNI data have been provided by different centers (i.e., University of California at Davis and University College London). Therefore, a large degree of overlap in subjects between these data sets must be noted.
‡
The Dutch Parelsnoer Institute—Neurodegenerative diseases cohort is a collaboration between the eight Dutch University Medical Centres (www.parelsnoer.org). This includes subjects from the TRACE-VCI and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC cohorts; thus, partial overlap between these cohorts must be noted.