Fig. 1.

Health-care services for the identification and management of chronic kidney disease by country income level. a Primary care (i.e., basic health facilities at community levels [e.g., clinics, dispensaries, and small local hospitals]). b Secondary/specialty care (i.e., health facilities at a level higher than primary care [e.g., clinics, hospitals, and academic centers]). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio. Data from Bello et al. [4] and Htay et al. [42].