TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants Overall and by Biochemically Confirmed Tobacco Abstinence at 6-Month Follow-up
| All (n = 1,357) | Abstinent (n = 218) | Not Abstinent (n = 1,139) | P Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||
| Age (Mean±SD) | 50±13 | 51±13 | 49±13 | .04 |
| Male (%) | 51 | 55 | 50 | .22 |
| Race (%) | .04 | |||
| White | 78 | 73 | 79 | |
| Non-White | 22 | 27 | 21 | |
| Education (%) | .66 | |||
| ≤High school degree | 50 | 49 | 50 | |
| Some college | 35 | 34 | 36 | |
| ≥College graduate | 15 | 17 | 14 | |
| Insurance (%) | .03 | |||
| Medicare | 28 | 26 | 29 | |
| Medicaid | 31 | 28 | 32 | |
| Private | 28 | 36 | 26 | |
| Other | 13 | 11 | 13 | |
| Smoking Characteristics | ||||
| Smokes≥10 cigarettes/day (%) | 75 | 68 | 77 | .007 |
| Smoke within 30 minutes of waking (%) | 75 | 68 | 76 | .009 |
| Years smoked regularly (median, IQR) | 30 (20–40) | 31 (20–41) | 30 (20–40) | .24 |
| Confidence in quitting (median, IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | <.001 |
| Importance of quitting (median, IQR) | 4 (4–4) | 4 (4–4) | 4 (4–4) | .02 |
| Plan to quit after discharge (%) | 48 | 65 | 45 | <.001 |
| Ever tried to quit and abstained for at least 24 hours (%) | 90 | 91 | 90 | .65 |
| Ever used nicotine replacement to quit (%) | 63 | 60 | 63 | .30 |
| Ever used Bupropion to quit (%) | 17 | 18 | 16 | .53 |
| Ever used Chantix to quit (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | .78 |
| Has a no-smoking policy at home (%) | 33 | 40 | 32 | .03 |
| Lives with other smokers (%) | 48 | 42 | 49 | .03 |
| Psychosocial | ||||
| PHQ-2b, Depression (median, IQR) | 2 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (0–3) | .007 |
| GAD-2b, Anxiety (median, IQR) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–5) | .56 |
| AUDIT-Cc (median, IQR) | 1 (0–5) | 2 (0–5) | 1 (0–4) | .49 |
| Ever used drugs intravenously (%) | 7 | 4 | 8 | .005 |
| Illicit drug use in past yeard (%) | 7 | 4 | 8 | .04 |
| Illicit opioid use in past year (%) | 3 | 1 | 3 | .05 |
| Hospitalization | ||||
| Length of hospital stay (median, IQR) | 4 (3–7) | 5 (3–8) | 4 (3–7) | .05 |
| Smoking-related diagnosis(%)e | 34 | 49 | 31 | <.001 |
| Study Characteristics | .01 | |||
| Study Site (%) | ||||
| MGH | 39 | 42 | 38 | |
| NSMC | 17 | 22 | 16 | |
| UPMC | 44 | 36 | 46 | |
| Study Condition (%) | .58 | |||
| Intervention | 50 | 17 | 83 | |
| Control | 50 | 16 | 84 | |
Bolded values represent P < .05.
PHQ-2 (2 depression symptoms, range 0-6) and GAD-2 (2 anxiety symptoms, range 0-6) with higher scores indicating more symptomatology. These four items are derived from the PHQ-4.
AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, assessing alcohol consumption
This variable excluded marijuana use.
Primary discharge diagnosis only. The definition of smoking-related disease used categories from the 2014 US Surgeon General’s Report. Specifically, these include neoplasms (ICD-9 codes: 140-151, 157, 161-162, 180, 188-189, 204-208), cardiovascular disease (ICD-9 codes: 410-414, 390-398, 415-417, 420-429, 430-438, 440-448), and respiratory diseases (ICD-9 codes: 480-492, 496).
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.