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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 16.
Published in final edited form as: Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Jun 16;31(5):1105–1112. doi: 10.1007/s11011-016-9850-x

Table 3.

1H-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy relative and absolute metabolites

Alcohol exposed infants Alcohol exposed female infants Alcohol exposed male infants Control infants Control female infants Control male infants
Parietal white matter
(n = 17) (n = 9) (n = 8) (n = 20) (n = 8) (n = 12)
Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev.
 Relative concentration (relative to creatine with phosphocreatine)
  glutamate + glutamine (Glx) 1.90 0.57 2.02 0.62 1.78 0.52 2.00 0.63 2.09 0.79 1.87 0.21
  glutamate (Glu)# 1.36 0.34 1.49 0.39## 1.23 0.23 1.42 0.32 1.49 0.36 1.32 0.21
  n-acetyl-aspartate + n-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAA+NAAG) 1.00 0.17 1.00 0.21 1.01 0.13 1.01 0.14 1.00 0.14 1.04 0.15
  n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) 0.80 0.25 0.81 0.28 0.80 0.24 0.79 0.16 0.79 0.16 0.80 0.16
  choline containing metabolites (GPC+PCh) 0.48 0.07 0.49 0.09 0.47 0.05 0.45 0.06 0.45 0.06 0.46 0.06
  myo-inositol 1.78 0.41 1.65 0.45 1.91 0.34 1.90 0.31 1.93 0.33 1.87 0.29
 Absolute concentration (water reference)
  glutamate + glutamine (Glx)*@ 5.03 0.93 5.38 0.89## 4.64 0.85 5.68 0.85 5.77 0.97 5.53 0.66
  glutamate (Glu)# 3.79 0.61 4.10 0.67## 3.45 0.30 4.10 0.81 4.16 0.92 4.00 0.66
  n-acetyl-aspartate + n-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAA+NAAG) 2.76 1.10 2.61 1.23 2.93 1.00 3.09 0.76 2.99 0.75 3.24 0.81
  n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) 2.15 1.06 2.09 1.13 2.21 1.04 2.37 0.70 2.43 0.67 2.28 0.78
  choline containing metabolites (GPC+PCh) 1.28 0.37 1.23 0.40 1.33 0.36 1.39 0.27 1.35 0.27 1.45 0.28
  myo-inositol 5.00 1.71 4.68 1.91 5.37 1.50 5.80 1.31 5.65 1.45 6.03 1.08
  creatine containing metabolites (PCr+Cr) 2.81 0.93 2.72 1.06 2.91 0.82 3.10 0.54 2.99 0.55 3.27 0.50
Parietal gray matter
(n = 31) (n = 15) (n = 16) (n = 26) (n = 8) (n = 18)
Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev. Mean Std.Dev.
 Relative concentration (relative to creatine with phosphocreatine)
  glutamate + glutamine (Glx)% 1.89 0.39 1.99 0.37 1.81 0.40 1.84 0.43 2.17 0.48 1.70 0.32
  glutamate (Glu)% 1.51 0.25 1.58 0.27 1.45 0.21 1.53 0.27 1.74 0.19 1.43 0.25
  n-acetyl-aspartate + n-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAA+NAAG) 1.01 0.13 1.05 0.12 0.98 0.13 0.99 0.12 1.01 0.08 0.97 0.13
  n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) 0.70 0.18 0.75 0.17 0.66 0.18 0.72 0.17 0.69 0.16 0.73 0.17
  choline containing metabolites (GPC+PCh) 0.43 0.06 0.44 0.07 0.43 0.05 0.43 0.04 0.45 0.05 0.42 0.03
  myo-inositol 2.12 0.32 2.10 0.36 2.14 0.30 2.15 0.40 2.43 0.36 2.03 0.36
 Absolute concentration (water reference)
  glutamate + glutamine (Glx) 6.49 1.16 6.55 1.20 6.45 1.17 6.23 1.02 6.16 0.99 6.26 1.05
  glutamate (Glu) 5.12 0.69 5.12 0.67 5.12 0.73 5.14 0.71 5.04 0.88 5.19 0.65
  n-acetyl-aspartate + n-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAA+NAAG) 3.45 0.36 3.43 0.23 3.47 0.45 3.40 0.67 2.99 0.75 3.58 0.57
  n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) 2.42 0.66 2.41 0.74 2.44 0.60 2.37 0.87 1.97 0.69 2.55 0.91
  choline containing metabolites (GPC+PCh) 1.51 0.23 1.49 0.22 1.52 0.25 1.47 0.26 1.34 0.35 1.53 0.19
  myo-inositol 7.28 0.85 7.11 0.90 7.44 0.79 7.24 0.94 7.09 1.16 7.30 0.86
  creatine containing metabolites (PCr+Cr) 3.49 0.49 3.45 0.57 3.52 0.42 3.45 0.63 3.01 0.79 3.64 0.44
*

group difference (alcohol exposed infants vs. control infants)

%

sex difference (males vs. females)

#

group with sex difference

@

alcohol exposed infants significantly lower concentrations than control infants

##

alcohol exposed male infants significantly lower concentrations than male control infants

p > 0.05