Table 4.
Baseline health status and psychosocial characteristics of the study cohort (N=295).
| Characteristics | Statistics | ||
| Hypertension characteristics | |||
| Report having hypertension, n (%); number of people with missing values | 277 (94.5); 2 | ||
| Taking blood pressure medications, n (%); number of people with missing values | 233 (79.8); 3 | ||
| Having a home blood pressure monitor, n (%); number of people with missing values | 51 (17.4); 2 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure at enrollment visit (mmHg), mean (SD) | 133.6 (19.5) | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure at enrollment visit (mmHg), mean (SD) | 81.5 (12.6) | ||
| Elevated blood pressure (SBP≥140 or DBP≥90 mmHg), n (%) | 115 (39.0) | ||
| Adherent to blood pressure medications (Voils adherence scale), n (%); number of people with missing values | 82 (36.4); 8 | ||
| Self-reported comorbid conditions | |||
| Prediabetes, n (%) | 57 (19.3) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 87 (29.4) | ||
| Heart disease, n (%) | 51 (17.3) | ||
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 25 (8.5) | ||
| Depression, n (%) | 109 (36.9) | ||
| Positive screening Patient Health Questionnaire-2, n (%); number of people with missing values | 69 (23.8); 5 | ||
| Arthritis, n (%) | 72 (24.4) | ||
| Back pain, n (%) | 123 (41.7) | ||
| Health status and self-care behaviors | |||
| General health, n (%)a | |||
| Excellent | 4 (1.4) | ||
| Very good | 29 (9.9) | ||
| Good | 101 (34.6) | ||
| Fair | 130 (44.5) | ||
| Poor | 28 (9.6) | ||
| AHAb Healthy 7–diet component, n (%)a | |||
| Poor | 221 (75.2) | ||
| Intermediate | 68 (23.1) | ||
| Ideal | 5 (1.7) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%)a | |||
| None | 28 (9.5) | ||
| Intermediate | 177 (60.2) | ||
| Ideal | 89 (30.3) | ||
| Health literacy (possible range 1-5), mean (SD) | 3.85 (0.95) | ||
| Health numeracy (possible range 0-1), mean (SD); number of people with missing values | 0.61 (0.28); 8 | ||
| Perceived health competence scale (possible range 1-5), mean (SD); number of people with missing values | 3.31 (0.60); 15 | ||
| Discrimination due to race or ethnicity | |||
|
|
Experience discrimination, n (%) | ||
| Never | 116 (39.3) | ||
| Once or twice | 50 (17.0) | ||
| A few times | 86 (29.2) | ||
| Many times | 37 (12.5) | ||
| All the time | 6 (2.0) | ||
| Experience discrimination in health care setting, n (%) | |||
| Never | 220 (74.6) | ||
| Once or twice | 45 (15.3) | ||
| A few times | 21 (7.1) | ||
| Many times | 9 (3.1) | ||
| All the time | 0 (0) | ||
| Family members experience discrimination, n (%)a | |||
| Never | 137 (47.1) | ||
| Once or twice | 43 (14.8) | ||
| A few times | 61 (21.0) | ||
| Many times | 44 (15.1) | ||
| All the time | 6 (2.1) | ||
| Family members experience discrimination in health care setting, n (%)a | |||
| Never | 219 (75.0) | ||
| Once or twice | 34 (11.6) | ||
| A few times | 31 (10.6) | ||
| Many times | 7 (2.4) | ||
| All the time | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Substance use | |||
| Alcohol, n (%) | |||
| Never | 149 (50.5) | ||
| Monthly or less | 66 (22.4) | ||
| 2 to 4 times per month | 45 (15.3) | ||
| 2 to 3 times per week | 20 (6.8) | ||
| 4 or more times per week | 15 (5.1) | ||
| Tobacco, n (%)a | |||
| Yes | 75 (25.5) | ||
| Yes, only ceremonial purposes | 9 (3.1) | ||
| No, I quit within the last year | 11 (3.7) | ||
| No, I quit over a year ago | 58 (19.7) | ||
| Never | 141 (48.0) | ||
| Illegal drugs, n (%) | |||
| Never | 266 (90.2) | ||
| Sometimes | 23 (7.8) | ||
| Often | 3 (1.0) | ||
| Very often | 3 (1.0) | ||
| Basic resource needs, n (%)c | |||
| Food | 99 (33.6) | ||
| Health care | 123 (41.7) | ||
| Clothes | 74 (25.1) | ||
| Place to live | 50 (16.9) | ||
| Utilities | 158 (53.6) | ||
| Childcare | 37 (12.5) | ||
| Debts | 144 (48.8) | ||
| Transportation | 74 (25.1) | ||
| Enrolled in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program | 142 (48.1) | ||
aNumbers do not sum to 295 due to missing values. The number of missing values are as follows: general health=3, AHA healthy 7-diet component=1, physical activity=1, family members experience discrimination=4, family members experience discrimination in health care setting=3, and tobacco=1.
bAHA: American Heart Association.
cIndividuals who did not answer or who chose the “does not apply” option were included in the denominator as not having that particular social need. This number was: clothes=1, place to live=2, utilities=17, childcare=227, debts=87, transportation=4, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program=1.